Question:
from the cocoon to the weaving into cloth, what process?
Answer:
scouring including raw materials selection, degumming, washing, dehydration, drying and other processes. The purpose is to remove defects cocoons, silk waste, as well as on most of the sericin oil and impurities, so soft and white fibers, although due fibroin emerged in luster and feel, while the fiber loose, to facilitate later processing. Raw material sorting is to be classified according to the quality of the merger, and pulled loose to remove impurities. Degumming, in the past to promote the use of micro-organisms of raw materials and oil on the hydrolysis of sericin is called corruption Lianfa, due to the production process emitting a stench is now rarely used. Is now commonly used chemical Lianfa, in the scouring solution by adding an appropriate amount of alkali or acid and other chemical additives play the role of degumming fat. There is also protease agents, degumming. After scouring the fiber remnants of training fluids and impurities such as suspended solids, subject to the water rinse, then off moisture, drying into a lean cotton.
system, including the lean sponge to wet cotton to meet the weighing, open cotton, cut cotton, combed cotton, cotton and other row processes. The purpose is to long and tangles are made of cotton have a range of crack lengths suitable for spinning fine cotton. Because lean cotton
low moisture regain, so used to the wet emulsion to make silk fibers easily absorb moisture, improve its softness and lubricity are conducive to subsequent processing to reduce fiber damage and eliminate static electricity. With the weighing is a wide range of quality, capable of varying in proportion with cotton, saying that a certain weight beaten up after the ball. Open cotton machine, also known as open-cocoon machine (see the opening and cleaning machinery), the cotton ball opening song, removing part of the pupa, the pupa dust and other impurities. Cut sponge into a machine for spinning the fiber cut length, and further hair loose impurity removal, and then in circular comb carding machine, remove the short fibers, impurities and cotton guitar, access to clean and straight and parallel to the fine cotton fibers. Circular comb drum machine to the next Road cutting down cotton cotton combing machines and circular machine further processing. Cut cotton and combed cotton of the Road for generally 1 to 3, respectively, obtained the number one fine cotton, fine cotton on the 2nd, on the 3rd fine cotton. Si Fang Road and drop off the end of cotton as a raw material. Row cotton is a manual inspection of the quality of fine cotton, which remove the remnants of mixed fibers, and silk and other items, and sub-pulling, folding into a certain width of the fine cotton sheet.
fine cotton yarn, including co-extension of the system be amended and section, extending the twisted, roving, spinning, as well as and the wire, twist wire, the whole wire, singeing and other processes.
to the Tao Yuan comb mechanism was refined cotton, according to quantity, quality and the requirements of textile products count with manual. And then extended by two machined into a certain length of the cotton belt to control the silk of the count; and then the system of continuous cotton machine made articles; to cotton, as amended, 3 and the repeated fusion and drawing machine for further Pull small, to improve the uniformity, so that a better straight parallel fibers. Mian, as amended, two mechanisms into roving roving, head Road, said the extension of twisted roving machine machine, with a needle roller drafting system and the skin plates rub twist devices out of the extension of twisted cotton into the tube-in-Sheng articles. Roving machine also has two needle roller drafting system, with flyer added twist. Ring spinning machine they use a double-aprons cradle pressure drafting system.
generally use two spinning silk and silk in the machine (also known as the co-wire machine) on the merger, in the ring an added twist twist-ray machine into the stock line, go through the whole film with a gauge wire machine or an electronic-ching remove the rough yarn winding device defects, by 1-2 silk to remove the surface of hair singeing machine Velvet coarse grains, so that the surface of clean silk, gloss to enhance the final twist and shake labeled packet.
the traditional silk spinning cotton using cut, round comb method of sperm retrieval system for cotton, known as the circular comb technique. Amid the tablets obtained less refined, spinning out of silk and smooth appearance, but this system of cotton mechanization process low level of high labor intensity, labor productivity is low. Another method is to use straight instead of circular comb Comber machine, said combing process. After opening the cotton machine processed cotton combed cotton Zhang feed roller mechanism into a sponge article combing machine with a needle of the second reason, into the straight comb made of combed cotton, and then by a gill box continued after the whole spinning process. Combing process less manual labor intensity is low, but it spun silk cotton grains are more poor cleanliness. There is also circular comb combing machines and used machines and processes, such as introducing a circular comb, fine cotton directly to the spinning top, its Noil extracted through a long fiber cotton combed article for spinning, combing machine Noil is a Sifang material.
spun silk spun silk material according to the count of different varieties. Silkworm cocoon of high fineness, refined after the monofilament is generally 0.9 to 1.5 denier, color white skin, spinning high-count (160 to 270 public and sticks), Zhong Zhi (100 ~ 160 of public support) and other count of spun silk. Tussah silk cocoon fineness of less refined after the monofilament is generally 2 to 2.5 denier, color slightly yellow, can be spun in the low support (68 ~ 120 public and sticks) silk. Castor silkworm cocoon silk filament fineness slightly lower than the general monofilament denier of about 1.5 can be spun in the low support (70 ~ 160 public and sticks) silk.
Chinese:从蚕茧到织成布,有哪些工艺?
问题:
从蚕茧到织成布,有哪些工艺?
回答:
精练 包括原料选别、脱胶、水洗、脱水、烘干等工序。目的是去除疵茧、废丝上的大部分丝胶以及油脂和杂质，使纤维洁白柔软，虽现出丝素应有的光泽和手感，同时使纤维疏松，便于以后加工。原料选别是把原料按品质进行分类合并，并扯松除去杂质。脱胶，过去曾利用微生物促进原料上丝胶和油脂的水解，称为腐化练法,由于生产过程中散发出恶臭,现已很少应用。现在一般采用化学练法，在煮练液中加入适量的碱或酸和其它化学助剂起脱胶去脂作用。也有采用蛋白酶制剂进行脱胶的。精练后纤维上残存的练液和悬浮物等杂质，需经水冲洗干净，再脱去水分，烘干成精干绵。
制绵 包括精干绵给湿、配合称重、开绵、切绵、梳绵、排绵等工序。目的是把长而缠结的精干绵制成有一定范围长度适于纺丝的精绵。
由于精干绵回潮率较低，所以采用乳化液给湿使丝纤维容易吸收水分，改善其柔软性和润滑性，有利于以后加工过程中减少纤维损伤和xc静电。配合称重是将种类繁多、品质不一的精干绵按比例搭配，称出一定重量后扎成球状。开绵机也称开茧机（见开清机械），把绵球开松，qc部分蛹体、蛹屑等杂质。切绵机把纤维切断成适合纺纱的长度,进一步梳松除杂,然后在圆梳机上梳理，除去短纤维、杂质和绵结，获得洁净而纤维平行伸直的精绵。圆梳机的滚筒落绵送到下道切绵机和圆梳机上再行加工。切绵和梳绵的道数一般为1～3道，分别制得头号精绵、二号精绵、三号精绵。末道落绵作为丝纺原料。排绵是人工检查精绵的质量，剔除其中残存的杂纤维、并丝等物，并分扯、摺叠成一定宽度的精绵片。
纺纱 包括精绵配合、延展、制条、并条、延绞、粗纱、细纱以及并丝、拈丝、整丝、烧毛等工序。
把各道圆梳机制得的精绵，依数量、质量和所纺产品支数的要求进行人工搭配。然后经两道延展机加工成一定长度的绵带，以便控制绢丝的支数；再经制条机做成连续的绵条;把绵条经3道并条机反复并合和牵伸进一步拉细，改善均匀度，使纤维更好地伸直平行。绵条经2道粗纱机制成粗纱，头道粗纱机称延绞机,具有针辊式牵伸机构和皮板搓拈装置，出来的延绞绵条盛入条筒中。二道粗纱机也具有针辊式牵伸机构，用锭翼加拈。环锭细纱机大多采用双皮圈摇架加压牵伸机构。
绢丝一般都采用两根细纱在并丝机(也称合丝机)上合并，在环锭拈线机上加拈成股线，再经过带有隔距片的整丝机或有电子清纱器的络筒机除去糙疵，通过1至2道烧毛机除去绢丝表面毛茸糙粒，使绢丝表面洁净，光泽增强，{zh1}摇绞并打成小包。
传统的绢丝纺采用切绵、圆梳的方法制取精绵，称为圆梳工艺。制得的精绵绵粒少，纺出的绢丝外观光洁，但这种制绵工艺机械化程度低,工人劳动强度高,劳动生产率低。另一种方法是采用直型精梳机代替圆梳机，称精梳工艺。把经开绵机处理后的绵张喂入罗拉梳绵机制成绵条，用针梳机进行二次理条，送入直型精梳机做成精梳绵条，再经一道针梳机整条后继续纺纱加工。精梳工艺手工操作少，劳动强度低,但纺出绢丝绵粒较多,洁净度较差。也有采用圆梳机和精梳机并用的工艺，例如采取一道圆梳，头号精绵直接用于纺纱，其落绵经精梳提取较长纤维制成绵条，进行纺纱，精梳机落绵则作为丝纺原料。
纺制绢丝的支数根据绢纺原料品种而不同。桑蚕茧丝细度高，精练后单丝一般为0.9～1.5旦,色泽白净,可纺高支（160～270公支），中支（100～160公支）和其他支数的绢丝。柞蚕茧丝细度较低，精练后单丝一般为2～2.5旦，色泽略黄,能纺制中低支（68～120公支）绢丝。蓖麻蚕茧丝的细度略低于桑蚕丝,一般单丝在1.5旦左右，可纺中低支（70～160公支）绢丝。