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本帖{zh1}由 lilywizardry 于 2010-1-13 12:07 编辑
Germany's solar subsidies
德国的光伏发电补贴
Fed up 抚养成人
Jan 7th 2010 | BERLIN
From The Economist print edition
Germany’s support for solar power is becoming ever harder to afford
德国对光伏发电的支持政策渐渐有些难以维继
AFP
It’s raining solar panels
雨中的太阳能电池板
AMID the unexploded bombs, rockets and poison-gas shells that litter a former Soviet military training ground in eastern Germany, a forest of silicon has sprouted. Solar cells here at Lieberose, Germany’s biggest photovoltaic plant, produce enough electricity (at peak output) to power a small town. In the nearby city of Frankfurt/Oder, the factory that made the solar cells used at Lieberose, owned by First Solar, an American firm, cannot keep up with demand as one sheet of glass after another rolls down its production line.
在德国东部的一处遍布未爆zd、导弹和毒气炮弹的前苏联军事训练场，树立起一个规模巨大的硅板阵列。在这个位于利伯罗瑟的德国{zd0}的光伏发电场，太阳能电池板所发出的电能在峰值时能够满足一座小城的需求。电场所用的太阳能电池来自于附近的位于法兰克福市奥德镇的{dy}太阳能公司，这家美国企业现在满负荷运转，一片片的太阳能电池板不断从生产线流下，但仍无法满足客户的需求。
In Germany this is seen as vindication of an industrial policy that has nurtured solar power for almost a decade with incentives known as feed-in tariffs. These oblige utilities to buy all the electricity generated from renewable sources such as windmills and solar panels at a high price (currently six to eight times the market rate) for a long period. The costs are passed to consumers in the form of higher electricity bills. Each year the tariff offered to new installations falls slightly, to encourage rapid development. Feed-in tariffs have been adopted in many European countries and beyond. Yet the country that pioneered them seems unable to agree on a formula for them that is generous enough to spur investment without being so lavish that it overburdens consumers.
在德国，这被视为对政府饱受争议的产业政策所作的辩解，十年来为扶持太阳能发电产业，政府采取了强制上网电价补贴的激励政策。该项政策要求电网企业对产自可再生能源的诸如风力发电机和太阳能电池板的电力按高价长期全单收购（目前是市场电价的6到8倍）。由此产生的成本最终转嫁为终端用电客户的高额电费。同时，为了促进新能源产业的快速发展，新装容量的补贴逐年下调。强制上网电价补贴政策已经被多个欧洲国家采用，而且还被引入到欧洲以外的其他国家。然而，这些采取积极政策的国家似乎在如何确定补贴的计算机制上遇到了问题，一方面希望能够提供足够的优惠来促进投资，另一方面，又不希望因过于慷慨而增加终端用户的负担。
Little over a year ago, amid complaints that the feed-in tariff for solar panels was generating an unaffordable proliferation of solar farms, the government decided to double the pace by which the tariff decreases each year, from 5% to around 10% (depending on the size of the installation). Shortly afterwards, a glut of solar panels led to a fall of about a quarter in the price of building a solar farm. But there was no equivalent reduction in the feed-in tariff, paving the way for bumper returns for solar parks switched on before the end of last year. Final figures are still being tallied, but it is thought that Germany’s solar capacity almost doubled as a result—twice the increase expected by the government when it drew up the rules. That jump has prompted a flurry of calls for further reductions to the feed-in tariff.
由于强制上网电价补贴的刺激，光伏电站的大量新建使得补贴政策成为难以承受的负担，人们对此产生了不少抱怨，就在一年前，政府决定将补贴的逐年下调的幅度扩大一倍，由原来的5%扩到达10%左右，具体取决于新建电场的建设规模。然而不久，由于太阳能电池板供过于求，光伏电站的建设成本下降了四分之一。而强制上网电价补贴并没有作出相应的下调，那些去年底之前开始投产的光伏电站都因此获得了丰厚的利润。虽然{zh1}的数据仍在统计之中，但据估计，德国光伏发电的装机容量几乎增加了一倍，这是政府在制定政策时预计增长速度的两倍。这种飞速发展使得削减强制上网电价补贴的呼声日渐高涨。
The industry has proposed trimming the price paid for solar power by 5% in June and another 5-10% at the end of the year. Others want more ferocious cuts. The argument is just a foretaste of fights to come. Renewable energy now accounts for about 15% of Germany’s electricity production. Much of that comes from wind generation that is coming close to being cost-competitive with fossil fuels. Yet Germany’s grid cannot accept much more wind power without expensive investments in transmission and storage, which is one reason why the government has encouraged the development of solar power.
业界建议将太阳能发电的电价在六月份削减5%，并在年底之前削减另外5-10%。还有些人希望更大幅度的下调。目前的争论还只是未来的序曲。目前，可再生能源占到德国总发电量的15%，其中大部分来自于风力发电，风力发电在成本上现在已经基本上可以与化石能源竞争。然而德国的电网已经无法容纳更多风力发电接入，除非在传输和储能上进行大量的投资，这也是政府鼓励太阳能发电的一个原因。
Yet solar is considerably more expensive even than other renewables. Analysts at HSBC, a bank, reckon that the full cost of producing power from wind turbines, for instance, is about one sixth the cost of producing it from photovoltaic plants. When solar contributed a minuscule proportion of Germany’s total power output that excess was easily overlooked. Yet solar modules are now thought to furnish close to 2% of Germany’s electricity, up from about 1% in 2008. As that figure grows it will begin to account for a disproportionate share of household spending on energy and increase the political pressure to find cheaper ways of abating carbon emissions than building forests of solar panels under Germany’s grey skies.
然而，利用太阳能的成本远高于其他的可再生能源。据汇丰银行的一位分析师估计，风力发电的总成本只有光伏发电站发电成本的六分之一。当光伏发电量在德国总发电量中只占很小一部分时，这种额外的成本很容易被忽视。然而据信,这个比例到目前为止已经由2008年的1%上升到约2%。光电的快速增长使得光电在终端用户的使用率与其在电费中所占的比例显得极不相配。政府面也因此临更大的压力去寻找更加便宜的减排方案，而不再仅仅是建设与德国阴沉的天气并不相适应的巨大太阳池板阵列。 |
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