劳埃德标准您所需要的一切尽在中国机械CAD论坛

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3.1Requirements for Manufacturers    168
3.1制造要求    168
3.1.1General    168
3.1.1概述    168
3.1.2Works equipment    168
3.1.2加工设备    168
3.1.3Personnel    170
3.1.3人员    170
3.1.4    Shop approval    170
3.1.4车间认证    170
3.1.4.1 General    170
3.1.4.1概述    170
3.1.4.2 Application for approval    170
3.1.4.2认证申请表    170
3.1.4.3 Approval procedure, period of validity    171
3.1.4.3认证程序，有效期    171
3.1.4.4 hange in approval conditions    172
3.1.4.4认证条件的变更    172
3.2Quality Management    172
3.2质量管理    172
3.2.1 General    172
3.2.1概论    172
3.2.3Requirements for the quality management system    175
3.2.3质量管理系统要求    175
3.2.4Certification of the QM system    175
3.2.4质量管理体系认证    175
3.3 Materials    177
3.3 材料    177
3.3.1 General requirements    177
3.3.1 总体要求    177
3.3.1.1 General    177
3.3.1.1 概述    177
3.3.1.2 Material tests    178
3.3.1.2 材料的测试    178
3.3.1.3 Corrosion protection    181
3.3.1.3 防腐蚀    181
3.3.1.3.1General    181
3.3.1.3.1概述    181
3.3.1.3.2Design for corrosion protection    181
3.3.1.3.2防腐蚀的设计    181
3.3.1.3.3 Material selection    182
3.3.1.3.3材料选择    182
3.3.1.3.4 Coatings    182
3.3.1.3.4 涂覆    182
3.3.2 Metallic materials    183
3.3.2 金属材料    183
3.3.2.1 Structural steels    184
3.3.2.1结构钢    184
3.3.2.2 Cast steel    185
3.3.2.2铸钢    185
3.3.2.3 Stainless steels    186
3.3.2.3不锈钢    186
3.3.2.4 Forging steels    187
3.3.2.4锻钢    187
3.3.2.4.1 Standards    187
3.3.2.4.1标准    187
3.3.2.4.3 Delivery condition, heat treatment    189
3.3.2.4.3交货条件，热处理    189
3.3.2.4.4 General forging quality    190
3.3.2.4.4 一般锻件质量    190
3.3.2.4.5 Mechanico-technological testing    191
3.3.2.4.5机械试验    191
3.3.2.4.6 Non-destructive testing    192
3.3.2.4.6 非破坏性试验    192
3.3.2.6 Aluminium alloys    197
3.3.2.6 铝合金    197
3.3.2.6.1 Wrought alloys    197
3.3.2.6.1 精炼合金    197
3.3.2.6.2 Cast alloys    198
3.3.2.6.2 铸造合金    198
3.3.3Fibre-reinforced plastics (FRP)    199
3.3.3纤维增强材料    199
3.3.3.1 Definitions    199
3.3.3.1 定义    199
3.3.3.2 General    200
3.3.3.2 概述    200
3.3.3.3 Reaction resin compounds    200
3.3.3.3反应树脂混合物    200
3.3.3.4 Reinforcing materials    202
3.3.3.4增强材料    202
3.3.3.5 Core materials    204
3.3.3.5核心材料    204
3.3.3.6 Prepregs    205
3.3.3.6预浸料    205
3.3.3.7 Adhesives    205
3.3.3.7粘合剂    205
3.3.3.8 Approval of materials    206
3.3.3.8材料的批准    206
3.3.4Wood    207
3.3.4 木材    207
3.3.4.1 Types of wood    207
3.3.4.1木材的类型    207
3.3.4.2 Material testing and approval    207
3.3.4.2材料测试和批准    207
3.3.4.3 Glues and adhesives    207
3.3.4.3 胶水和添加剂    207
3.3.4.4 Surface protection    208
3.3.4.4表面防护    208
3.3.4.5 Wood preservatives    208
3.3.4.5木材防腐剂    208
3.3.4.6 Mechanical fasteners    209
3.3.4.6机械固定件    209
3.3.5 Reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete    209
3.3.5 钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土    209
3.3.5.1 General    209
3.3.5.1 概述    209
3.3.5.2 Standards    209
3.3.5.2标准    209
3.3.5.3 Raw materials for concrete    210
3.3.5.3混凝土原材料    210
3.3.5.3.1 Cement types    210
3.3.5.3.1 水泥型号    210
3.3.5.3.2 Concrete aggregate    211
3.3.5.3.2混凝土沙石    211
3.3.5.3.3 Added water    211
3.3.5.3.3 添加水    211
3.3.5.3.4 Admixtures    212
3.3.5.3.4附加剂    212
3.3.5.3.5 Additives    212
3.3.5.3.5 添加剂    212
3.3.5.4 Building materials    213
3.3.5.4 建筑材料    213
3.3.5.4.1 Concrete    213
3.3.5.4.1 混凝土    213
3.3.5.4.2 Concrete-reinforcing steel    214
3.3.5.4.2 钢筋混凝土    214
3.3.5.4.3 Prestressing steel and prestressing procedure    214
3.3.5.4.3 预加强筋和预加强工艺    214
3.3.5.4.4 Grouting mortar    215
3.3.5.4.4 水水泥砂浆    215
3.3.5.5 Durability of the concrete    216
3.3.5.5 混凝土的耐久性    216
3.4Production and Testing    218
3.4 生产和测试    218
3.4.1General    218
3.4.1 概述    218
3.4.2Welding    218
3.4.2 焊接    218
3.4.2.1 Prerequisites of the works    218
3.4.2.1 工作前提    218
3.4.2.2 Welders, welding supervision    219
3.4.2.2 焊工，焊接监督    219
3.4.2.3 Welding method, welding procedure tests    220
3.4.2.3 焊接方法，焊接工艺试验    220
3.4.2.4 Welding fillers and auxiliary materials    220
3.4.2.4焊接填充物和辅助材料    220
3.4.2.5 Weld joint design    221
3.4.2.5 焊缝设计    221
3.4.2.6 Execution and testing    222
3.4.2.6 执行和测试    222
3.4.3Laminating fibre-reinforced plastics    225
3.4.3 复合纤维增强塑料    225
3.4.3.1 Requirements for manufacturers    225
3.4.3.1 制造商要求    225
3.4.3.2 Laminating workshops    226
3.4.3.2 层压车间    226
3.4.3.3 Store-rooms    227
3.4.3.3 储藏室    227
3.4.3.4 Processing requirements    228
3.4.3.4 工艺要求    228
3.4.3.5 Building-up the laminate    229
3.4.3.5 铺层    229
3.4.3.6 Curing and tempering    231
3.4.3.6 固化和回火    231
3.4.3.7 Sealing    232
3.4.3.7 密封    232
3.4.4Adhesive bonding    232
3.4.4 胶接    232
3.4.4.1 Adhesive joints    232
3.4.4.1 胶粘接合    232
3.4.4.2 Assembly process    233
3.4.4.2 组合过程    233
3.4.5Manufacturing surveillance for FRP    235
3.4.5 FRP制造监督    235
3.4.5.1 General    235
3.4.5.1 概述    235
3.4.5.2 Incoming inspection    236
3.4.5.2 来料检验    236
3.4.5.3 Production surveillance    237
3.4.5.3 生产监督    237
3.4.5.4 Component checks    238
3.4.5.4 部件检查    238
3.4.6Wood processing    239
3.4.6 木材加工    239
3.4.6.1 Manufacture of wooden rotor blades    239
3.4.6.1 木制叶片的制造    239
3.4.6.1.1General    239
3.4.6.1.1 概述    239
3.4.6.1.2Mould requirements    240
3.4.6.1.2 模具要求    240
3.4.6.1.3Preparing the wood    240
3.4.6.1.3 木材准备    240
3.4.6.1.4Layer build-up and bonding    241
3.4.6.1.4 层的建立和粘结    241
3.4.6.1.5Wood preservation    242
3.4.6.1.5 木材防腐剂    242
3.4.6.1.6Surface protection    243
3.4.6.1.6 表面保护    243
3.4.6.1.7Blade connections    243
3.4.6.1.7 叶片连接    243
3.4.6.2 Manufacturing surveillance of wooden rotor blades    244
3.4.6.2 木制叶片的制造监测    244
3.4.6.2.1General    244
3.4.6.2.1 概述    244
3.4.6.2.2Incoming inspection    244
3.4.6.2.2 进厂检查    244
3.4.6.2.3Visual checks    245
3.4.6.2.3 视觉检查    245
3.4.7Making and working the concrete    245
3.4.7混凝土的制作和工作    245
3.4.7.1 Proportioning and mixing he raw materials    245
3.4.7.1 原材料的配料和混合    245
3.4.7.2 Transport, pouring and compacting    245
3.4.7.2 运输，浇注和压实    245
3.4.7.3 Curing    246
3.4.7.3 固化    246
3.4.7.4 Concreting in cool or hot weather    246
3.4.7.4 在冷或热天气情况下的凝固    246
3.4.7.5 Formwork and its supports    247
3.4.7.5 模板及其支撑    247
3.4.7.5.1Forms    247
3.4.7.5.1 窗体    247
3.4.7.5.2Stripping    247
3.4.7.5.2 脱模    247
3.4.7.6 Quality control    248
3.4.7.6 质量控制    248
3.4.7.6.1General    248
3.4.7.6.1 概述    248
3.4.7.6.2Tests during construction    249
3.4.7.6.2 建造过程中的测试    249
3.4.7.6.3 Conformity checks    251
3.4.7.6.3 一致性检查    251
3.4.7.6.4 Inspection and maintenance of the completed structure    252
3.4.7.6.4 整个结构的检查和维护    252


3.1Requirements for Manufacturers
3.1制造要求
3.1.1General
3.1.1概述
(1)Manufacturers shall be suitable for the work to be carried out as regards their workshop facilities, manufacturing processes as well as training and capabilities of the personnel. Proof of this may be provided by means of a documented and certified quality management system (see Section 3.2). If required (see Section3.4.2.1, para 1, and Section 3.4.4.1, para 1), GL Wind will issue a shop approval on request of a manufacturer, provided the approval conditions are fulfilled.
(1)    制造商的工厂设施，制造工艺以及人员的培训与能力都要能胜任所承担的工作。可以通过的档案和认证的质量管理体系(见3.2节)来证明其软硬件符合要求。如果需要(见3.4.2.1节第1段和3.4.4.1节{dy}段)，在调查制造商后，假如认证条件符合要求，则GL wind将发布制造商资质认证书。
(2)It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to observe and conform to this Guideline, the pertinent laws and ordinances, technical regulations, standards and data sheets, such as those from the chemicals industry etc. (see also Section 3.2.1, para 2).
(2)    制造商有责任遵守本指南的要求，遵守相关法律和法令，技术规范，标准和记录表，还有那些化工行业的要求等(见3.2.1第2段)。
(3)Insofar as the requirements for the manufacturers set out below (especially as regards quality control) are not further defined, these shall be defined in accordance with the quality management requirements (see Section 3.2). Details shall be agreed with GL Wind for each individual case.
(3)对于厂商的要求，以下的要求(尤其注意质量控制)没有进一步说明，这些都将要按照质量管理要求来定义(见3.2节)。每一特殊情况的细节要取得GL wind同意。
3.1.2Works equipment
3.1.2加工设备
(1)The manufacturers shall have at their disposal suitable facilities and equipment for faultless execution of the work. External facilities may be included for consideration only if these meet the prerequisites for competent execution and are available without restriction.
(1)制造商要有合适的工具和设备来wm的完成工作。外部设备可以考虑包括在内，只要这些设备可以满足制造要求并可以无限制的使用。
(2)Equipment and facilities include, on the scale necessary for the manufacture in question, for instance the following:
– workshops, roofed-over working areas as required, equipment for assembly sites
– store-rooms for materials
– drying facilities (e.g. for wood, welding fillers etc.)
– lifting gear for assembly and transport
– processing machinery and tools
– tools and equipment for welding and cutting
– appliances for joining-up, and for welding, laminating, bonding and gluing
– air-condition monitoring instruments
– facilities for preheating and heat treatment
– test equipment and materials plus means for their calibration
(2)关于设备和设施，制造商必须具备以下条件：
-车间，必须有屋顶，设备组装设备。
-原材料仓库
-烘干设备(例如，(用于)木材和焊接填料等)
-用于组装和运输的起重设备
-加工机械与工具
-用于连接，焊接，层压，粘接和胶接的连接设备
-空气条件监控设备
-预热和热处理设备
-试验设备和材料的校准
3.1.3Personnel
3.1.3人员
(1)    The personnel employed by the company shall be such as to ensure that the components can be competently prepared, manufactured and tested to the extent necessary. GL Wind may require proof of the technical qualifications of the staff.
(1)    公司所雇用人员要能达到部件可以正确的整备，制造和试验的程度。GL wind可能要求制造商提供员工的技术资格证明。
(2)    The respective areas of responsibility shall be laid down and arrangements made for deputies for those responsible.
(2)    要列出不同区域的负责并指定这些人的代表。
3.1.4    Shop approval
3.1.4车间认证
3.1.4.1 General
3.1.4.1概述
Shop approval is required for welding, laminating and bonding. Shop approvals by other organizations can be recognized after consultation with GL Wind. GL Wind reserves the right to demand approval for other manufacturing methods or working techniques.
对于焊接，层压和粘接的车间需要认证。经过与GL wind公司协商，由其它组织认证的车间也可以得到GL wind的同意。对于其它制造方法或加工技术，GL wind保留对其认证的权利。
3.1.4.2 Application for approval
3.1.4.2认证申请表
(1)    Application for approval shall be made on a form provided. Any additional information, documents and explanations demanded or necessary (see Sections 3.2,3.3 and 3.4) shall be enclosed with the application.
(1)    申请表必须是已提供的表格的形式，任何要求的附加信息，文件和说明以及其他必需要素(见3.2，3.3.和3.4节)都要附于申请表上。
(2)    The application shall describe the organization and technical facilities of the company, as well as provide information about personnel qualifications, scope of production and production processes plus quality control.
(2)    申请表要有公司组织结构，技术设备以及人员的资质，产品范围和产品工艺以及质量控制等信息。
(3)    GL Wind shall be notified of the individuals responsible for observation of the approval conditions and for the quality of the products manufactured, and of their deputies.
(3)    应当告知GL wind满足认证条件的责任范围，产品质量的责任范围，以及其负责人
(4)    The tests which are in the manufacturer’s responsibility shall be documented. This may be acknowledged within the context of a certification of the quality management system (see Section 3.2).
(4)    制造商所应承担的测试要归档。也可以体现在质量管理体系认证内容中(见3.2节)。3.1.4.3 Approval procedure, period of validity
3.1.4.3认证程序，有效期
(1)    After GL Wind has checked the application for compliance with the requirements of Sections 3.3 and3.4 and has inspected the works, the shop approval may be granted for a period of three years. If work under the surveillance of GL Wind is carried out continuously during the period of validity, this is extended by a year at a time without further checks. Renewed confirmation of the approval is then not necessary, but may be given at the request of the company.
(1)    GL wind检查申请表是否符合3.3和3.4节要求后，以及检查完工厂后，公司将被授权3年有效期的车间认证。如果有效期内，工厂处于GL wind连续监督下，则可以延长一年的有效期，无须再做进一步的检查。重复的认证则没有必要，但可以在给公司的要求中提出。
(2)    If no work under the surveillance of GL Wind has been carried out for more than one year, prolongation shall be applied for no later than the expiry of the three-year period of validity. Updated documentation shall be enclosed with the application. In this event, the approval may be renewed and extended for a further three years.
(2)    如果工作脱离GL wind监督长达一年以上，则申请延长有效期必须在3年有效期到期前立即进行。必须在申请表中附加更新的文件。在这种情况下，可能会要重新认证，取得另外3年的有效期。
3.1.4.4 hange in approval conditions
3.1.4.4认证条件的变更
GL Wind shall be informed immediately in writing of any changes in the approval conditions that have a significant influence, such as changes of the production facilities, the production processes, quality control, composition and qualification of the personnel etc. GL Wind shall be notified of any new production procedures in good time before their introduction. GL Wind reserves the right to demand validation tests of such procedures.
要及时以书面的形式告知GL wind认证条件中有重大影响的变动，如改变生产设备，产品工艺，质量控制，人员的组成与资质等。在引入任何一种新产品工艺之前，要及时通知GL wind，GLwind保留对这些工艺进行证实的权利。
3.2Quality Management
3.2质量管理
3.2.1 General
3.2.1概论
(1)Provided the manufacturer operates and applies a quality management (QM) system in accordance with a recognized standard, and this has been evaluated by GL Wind, a portion of the proofs required in this Guideline may be provided within the context of the QM system. A certification of the QM system by an accredited certification body is recognized through the assessment by GL Wind.
(1)如果制造商按照公认标准进行操作，以及运用了公认的质量管理体系，且这些标准和质量管理体系为GL wind公司评估过，则本大纲中所需要的部分证明材料可以包含在质量管理体系的内容中。有qw认证机构认证的质量管理体系，在经过GLwind公司评估后会得到GL wind的认可。
(2)Recognition of the QM system obliges the manufacturer to observe the requirements laid down in this Guideline. The obligation for proof of this rests on the company. GL Wind verifies the effectiveness of the system and the work-specific requirements on the basis of the documentation submitted by the company, e.g. within the context of shop approval, and checks it, at its discretion, by random inspections or by witnessing tests within the QM system.
(2)质量管理体系的认证使得制造商要遵守大纲中所规定的要求。举证这些要求是否得到满足是被认证公司的责任。GLwind核实系统的有效性，核实公司提供的文件所规定的工作具体要求，例如，所提供的车间认证文件要求，核对这些文件，对于公司的判断力，通过随机检查或质量管理体系中的举证来验证。
(3)The manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that all tests and inspections laid down in accordance with this Guideline, as well as with any standards, specifications and other regulations that are also applicable, are carried out.
制造商有责任保证所有测试与检查都是按照本大纲，或按照其他适用的标准、规范、规章来进行的。
(4)GL Wind shall be notified without request prior to the introduction of any alterations to the QM system or to production processes which can be expected to have a significant effect on product quality, as listed for example in Section 3.1.4, para 4. GL Wind reserves the right to check these issues (extraordinary inspection) and to review the approval of the QM system.
无需征询GLwind，质量管理体系中的任何介绍的改动或产品工艺改动（产品工艺改变将可以对产品的质量有明显的影响，如3.1.4节第四段所列出的），都必须告知GL wind。GLwind保留检查（额外检查）这些问题和重新认证质量体系的权力。
(5)Insofar as the certification of the QM system of a certification body was recognized by GL Wind, the manufacturer is under an obligation to inform GL Wind without delay about the loss of the certificate’s validity.
在GLwind 认可的认证机构下认证的质量管理体系，制造商有义务及时告知GLwind认证的有效期。
3.2.2Definitions
3.2.2定义
(1)The definitions of ISO 9000 apply.
(1)使用ISO9000中的定义。
(2)Manufacturer is the organizational unit which manufactures a product or independent component of the product, or which assembles and sells a product consisting of subcontracted components.
(2)制造商是有组织的部门，负责制造产品或产品的独立部件，组装产品、出售合同部件构成的产品。
(3)Quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or a service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.
(3)质量是产品或服务总的特点和特色，它是基于满足状态需要或暗含的需求。
(4)Quality management(QM)comprises all planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy given requirements for quality.
(4)质量管理包括所有必需的计划和系统的行为，这些计划和系统行为可保证产品的可信度，即产品或服务可以满足给定质量的要求。
(5)The QM system comprises the organizational structure, responsibilities, procedures, processes and resources for implementing quality management.
(5)质量管理由组织结构，责任，程序，过程和资源等用于实施质量管理的要素组成。
(6)The quality audit is a systematic and independent examination to determine whether quality activities and related results comply with planned actions, and whether these actions are implemented efficiently and are suitable to achieve the objectives.
(6)质量审计是系统的和独立的检查，用于决定质量活动和相关结果是否与计划行为相符合，以及这些行为是否有效实行，是否适用于目标的实现。
(7)The QM system documentation comprises all the documents describing the functions of the QM system. It consists of:
（7）质量管理文件包括所有质量体系功能中描述的文件。它包括：
–    QM manual
–    QM手册
–    QM procedures
–    QM程序
–    QM work instructions
–    QM用法说明
3.2.3Requirements for the quality management system
3.2.3质量管理系统要求
(1)As a minimum, the QM system shall meet the requirements of the QM model according to ISO 9001. ISO 9000 and ISO 9004 contain basic principles and recommendations for the implementation of a QM system.
(1)质量管理体系至少要满足ISO9001所规定的质量管理模式。ISO9000和ISO9004包含的基本原则和建议用于实现质量管理体系。
(2)The QM system shall be worked out in detail in writing (see also Section 3.2.2, para 7).
（2）质量管理体系要有详细的书面说明（见3.2.2节第七段）。
(3)For the manufacturers of products who do not pursue their own development activities, the exclusion of Subsection 7.3 (“Design and Development”) within ISO 9001 is permissible.
(3)如果产品制造商不从事开发活动，则依据ISO9001，本指南的第7.3节（设计和开发）不在考察范围内。
3.2.4Certification of the QM system
3.2.4质量管理体系认证
(1)A certification of the QM system by a certification body accredited according to EN 45012 is, as a rule, regarded as a prerequisite. The general procedure for the certification is described below.
（1）质量管理认证由按照EN45012要求的授权的认证机构进行，是否通过EN 45012是基本原则和先决条件。认证的通常程序在下面的内容里叙述。
(2)Certification of the QM system follows completion of the following assessments: （2）在完成以下评估后，颁发质量管理体系证书：认证要完成如下评估：
– checking of the QM system documentation in relation to the requirements of ISO 9001
–与ISO 9001要求相关的质量管理系统文件的检查
– successful completion of the initial audit by the certification body. This includes a check on whether the QM activities set out in the QM system documentation are being implemented.
–认证机构初审的成功完成。包括检查QM系统文件中设定的QM活动是否完成。
(3)The validity of the certificate is maintained by means of regular audits. These audits are carried out at set intervals in time (once a year and, if necessary, more often).
（3）认证的有效性要通过定期审查的方法来保持。这些审查要在一定的时间间隔内进行（一年一次，如果需要可以更多）。
(4)The certification is generally valid for three years. It commences with the date of the certificate. On completion of the re-certification (usually comprising the execution of a renewal audit), a certificate may be issued which again is valid for three years. The validity of the certificate necessitates that all the conditions under which it was granted are still being met and no serious shortcomings have arisen in the QM system.
（4）认证通常有效期为3年。从认证之日起计算。在重新认证完成（通常包括完成更新审查）后，将颁发有效期3年的证书。认证的有效性，使得所有认可的条件都得到满足，不会导致QM系统有严重的缺陷。

3.3 Materials
3.3 材料
3.3.1 General requirements
3.3.1 总体要求
3.3.1.1 General
3.3.1.1 概述
(1)Only suitable materials with guaranteed properties (e.g. strength, toughness – at low temperatures if appropriate, cold deformability, suitability for welding, resistance to rot etc.) may be used for the force and moment-transmitting components of a wind turbine.
（1）只有具有性能保障的合适的材料（比如，强度，低温时的韧性，冷弯性能，可焊接性，防腐性等）才能应用于风机的受力部件和力矩转换部件上。
(2)Materials chosen shall be matched to the demands to be made on the component, particularly the type of load (shock load, oscillating load) as well as the external conditions (see Section 4.2) and to the design. The materials chosen shall be named clearly and comprehensively in the documents (drawings, parts lists) to be submitted for approval.
（2）所选择的材料要与部件的要求，外部环境条件（4.2部分），设计，尤其负荷的类型（振动负荷，振荡负荷）相匹配。所选择的材料应在所递交的认证文件中明确而又全面地命名。
(3)All materials not listed in this Section shall be treated in accordance with the relevant standards as regards quality requirements and test conditions. The special environmental and operational conditions of the wind turbine shall be taken into account.
（3）本部分没有列出的所有材料应依照相关的质量要求和测试条件标准进行检测。应考虑到风机特殊的环境条件和运行条件。
(4)The temperature range for the materials to be used is laid down in Section 4.2.4. The use of materials outside this temperature range necessitates special consultation with GL Wind.
（4）材料使用的温度范围在4.2.4部分列举。如材料的使用温度超出此范围，则应向GL wind 进行商讨。
(5)For components which are mounted on or installed in wind turbines, only materials approved by GL may be used in the case of wind turbines for which an application for project certification has been submitted.
（5）对于安装在风机外部或者内部的部件，都必须使用GL批准的材料，只有这样，才能够提交项目认证的申请。
3.3.1.2 Material tests
3.3.1.2 材料的测试
(1)The type and extent of material testing depends on the importance of and stress on a component, and on the type and extent of the possible or required post manufacture tests. Depending on the type of certification, design analyses with all the required material and component tests according to Section 1.2.3.3 (Aand B-Design Assessment), an implementation of the design requirements in construction and erection according to Section 1.2.5.3 (Type Certificate) or surveillance during production according to Section 1.2.6.2 (Project Certificate) are required. If nothing else has been determined in detail, the following requirements apply.
（1）材料测试的类型和范围取决于部件的重要性、部件所承载的压力以及可能要求的后加工测试的类型和范围。依据认证的类型，所有材料和部件测试的设计分析应参照1.2.3.3部分（A和B设计评估），在建设中设计要求的执行应参照1.2.5.3部分（类型认证），生产过程中的监督应参照1.2.6.2部分（项目认证）。如果没有别的要求详细注明，应按以下要求进行。
(2)Material test documents (statements of compliance) shall correspond to EN 10204:1995 or prEN 10204:2000. They shall contain the results of the tests laid down in the standards or additionally agreed or demanded on the basis of the requirements. They shall furthermore contain data on the marking of the materials, so as to permit reliable tracing to components.
（2）材料测试文件（符合性说明）应与EN10204：1995或者10204：2000相一致。材料测试文件应包括标准中规定的以及依据要求附加的测试的结果。此外，还应包括材料上所标记的数据，用以对部件进行可靠的追踪。
(3)Material test documents (statements of compliance) for components of a wind turbine within the scope of the project certificate form a part of the surveillance during production by GL Wind.
（3）项目认证范围内风机部件的材料测试文件（符合性说明）形成GL风机认证生产监督中的一部分。
(4)Within the scope of the A and B-Design Assessment, inspection certificates in accordance with EN 10204-3.1 B or prEN 10204 3.1 shall generally be submitted for the materials of those components that are subject to high static or dynamic loads and that are important for the integrity of the wind turbine. Test certificates of redundant or damage-tolerant components of the same requirement class can, by way of exception, be certified by test reports according to EN 10204-2.2 or prEN 10204 2.2.
（4）在A和B设计评估范围内，承受高静态或动态负荷以及对风机完整性很重要的部件材料，应提交依据EN10204-3.1B或者prEN 10204.3.1D的检查证书。作为例外，冗余的认证，或者同样要求的耐破坏部件可按照依据EN10204-2.2或者prEN10204.2.2的测试报告进行认证。
(5)For materials of other components or assemblies that are less highly stressed but of particular importance for the functioning of the wind turbine, test reports in accordance with EN 10204-2.2 or prEN 10204 2.2 shall be submitted.
（5）对于其他部件的材料或者不承受较高负荷却对风机功能具有重要性的装配件，应提交依据EN10204-2.2或者prEN10204-2.2的测试报告。
(6)In cases of doubt, the classification of the materials for components or assemblies shall be agreed with GL Wind. In the case of components not obtained with inspection certificates, the scope of the substitute requirements shall be discussed with GL Wind.
（6）在不确定的条件下，部件或者装配件材料的分类应通过GL wind 的批准。对于没有获得检查证书的部件，代替品的要求的范围要与GL wind 进行商讨。
(7)For the components listed below, such as (insofar applicable)
– rotor blades
– blade bearings
– rotor hub
– main bearing
– brake
– generator
– rotor shaft and axle journal
– main frame
– blade-pitch, rotor and yaw locks
– yaw bearing
– tower and (optionally) foundation
that are important for the integrity of the wind turbine and also present a high danger potential for human health and life, an implementation of the design requirements in production and erection according to Section 1.2.5.3 (Type Certificate) or surveillance during production according to Section 1.2.6.2 (Project Certificate) is required. For the bolted connections playing a significant role in the transmission of power, the standard of the quality-management measures shall be shown by a description of the QM measures.
(7)对以下列举的部件，如（在可用的范围内）
风轮叶片
-叶片轴承
-轮毂
-主轴承
-制动器
-发电机
-主轴和轴颈
-主框架
-叶片变桨、叶轮、偏航锁定
-偏航轴承
-塔架和基座
这些部件对风机的整合具有重要性，而且对人健康和生命具有隐患。因此，依据1.2.5.3部分（类型认证）生产和建设中的设计要求的执行或者依据1.2.6.2（项目认证）的生产中的监督是必需的。因为螺栓连接在能量传输方面起着非常重要的作用，因此，质量管理措施的标准要通过一个质量管理措施的描述表述出来。
(8)GL Wind reserves the right to extend the scope of surveillance during production accordingly for special materials, production processes or components.
(8) 对特殊材料，生产过程或者部件，GL wind 保留扩充生产监督范围的权利。
(9)In the case of components not obtained with inspection certificates, the scope of the substitute requirements shall be discussed with GL Wind.
(9)对于没有获得检查证书的部件，代替品的要求的范围应与GL wind 进行商讨。
3.3.1.3 Corrosion protection
3.3.1.3 防腐蚀
3.3.1.3.1General
3.3.1.3.1概述
(1)Wind turbine components are partly exposed to aggressive environmental conditions and not easily accessible. Because of the operational conditions, renewal of the protective coating is not possible in many cases. Special importance therefore attaches to the design, the choice of material and the corrosion protection measures.
(1)风机的各部件部分地暴露在恶劣的外部环境条件下，且不易维修。由于操作条件的限制，多数情况下更换保护涂层是不可能的。因此，设计，材料的选择和防腐蚀措施显得尤为重要。
(2)Wind turbines bearing a certificate without restrictions shall be classed under “marine atmosphere” as regards corrosion attack.
无限制证书的风机，考虑到腐蚀影响，必须归类为海上气候类别。
(3)Further general notes on corrosion protection are also given in the “Guidelines for Corrosion Protection and Coating Systems” of GL.
(3进一步的防腐蚀的基本说明在GL的“防腐蚀和涂覆系统的指导原则”中也有表述。
3.3.1.3.2Design for corrosion protection
3.3.1.3.2防腐蚀的设计
(1)A structural design which takes into account corrosion protection and reduction has a significant effect on the ease of implementing, effectiveness and repairability of the corrosion protection. Basic rules are addressed in ISO 12944-3 and shall be observed.
(1)考虑预防和降低腐蚀的结构设计在执行难度，防腐蚀的有效性和可修复性方面都具有重要的意义。基本原则可查阅ISO12944-3。
(2) Surfaces at risk from corrosion should be designed to be as even as possible. Any necessary stiffenings and fittings etc. shall wherever possible be located in low-corrosion regions. Inaccessible hollow components shall be welded tight.
(2)有腐蚀风险的表面必须进行尽可能的设计好。任何必需的硬化材料和零件等，应尽可能布置于低腐蚀区域。无法触及的有空腔的部件必须紧密焊接。
(3) Areas in which water or aggressive media can accumulate (water pockets) shall be avoided by means of suitable measures such as slopes, passages or run-offs. Condensation shall be reduced by means of design measures such as ventilation.
(3) 必须采取适当的方法避免水和腐蚀性媒介可能积聚的区域(存水区)，比如设计斜坡，水道和排水口等。可以用设计手段减少冷凝水的产生，比如采用通风方式。
(4) Residues from welding (such as slag, loosely attached splashes and beads) shall be removed. Splashes or beads melted onto the surface shall be removed if the corrosion stress or the coating system make this necessary.
(4)必须除掉焊渣（比如熔点，其他松散分布的残渣，焊珠）。如果腐蚀应力和涂覆系统要求去除表面的熔渣和焊珠，则必须执行这些步骤。
(5) As a rule, burrs shall always be removed and sharp edges rounded off. This is absolutely necessary if the components are to be coated, or if the stress in the structure or accident prevention require it.
(5)必须去除毛刺，打磨锐边。如果部件要刷油漆，或者结构上应力要求去毛刺，打磨锐边，或者预防措施要求去毛刺，打磨锐边，则{jd1}必须进行这些步骤。
3.3.1.3.3 Material selection
3.3.1.3.3材料选择
For areas which cannot be protected by coatings and protective coverings, suitable materials with a sensitivity against corrosion classed as “low” or better shall be used. For materials in a marine atmosphere, the standard DIN 81249-4 applies, for example. The corrosion probability of various materials is described in e.g. DIN 50930.
对于那些无法进行油漆保护或者无保护盖的区域，则应该使用抗腐蚀的材料。对于在海上使用的材料。必须符合DIN 81249-4的要求。不同材料的防腐见DIN 50930。
3.3.1.3.4 Coatings
3.3.1.3.4 涂覆
(1) Coatings shall be selected in accordance with ISO 12944-5, which lists the stress and the coating system to be used. The workmanship and monitoring of the coating work shall be in accordance with ISO 12944-7. For metallic protective coverings on steel, Section 5 of the “Guideline for Corrosion Protection and Coating Systems” of GL shall be observed. Additional information shall be taken from the above-mentioned GL Guideline, the GL Rules for Offshore Installations, and the guidelines of the German Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (STG Guideline No. 2215).
(1)必须按照ISO 12944-5的要求选择油漆，该标准列出了所使用的应力和涂覆系统。涂覆工作的监控和涂覆技术必须符合ISO 12944-7的要求。对于金属涂覆，必须满足本指南的第五章“防腐蚀和涂覆系统”的要求。其他信息必须从以上提到的GL指南，海上风机的GL标准，德国海上建筑和工程指南（STG 指南第2215号）中获取。
(2) Surfaces to be protected by coatings shall be designed to be accessible for the necessary activities such as surface preparation, application, inspection and maintenance.
(2)要进行油漆保护的表面必须易于接近，以便于表面处理，施工，检查和维护工作的进行。
3.3.2 Metallic materials
3.3.2 金属材料
(1) Only suitable materials with guaranteed properties (e.g. strength, toughness – at low temperatures if appropriate, cold deformability, suitability for welding etc.), as mentioned in the next section, may be used for the force- and moment-transmitting components of a wind turbine made of metallic materials. The use of materials according to other regulations or standards requires the consent of GL Wind.
(1)只有特性有保证的金属材料（比如，强度，低温时的韧性，冷弯性能，可焊性）才可以用于风机受力部件和力矩转换部件，这些材料将在下面的章节中提到。依据其他标准和准则使用的材料必须获得GL wind的同意。
(2) The material tests shall be performed in accordance with Section 3.3.1.2.
(2)材料试验必须依据第3.3.1.2的要求完成。
(3) For the machinery components such as gearing, bearings, brakes, couplings etc., materials suitable for these components shall be used. Quality requirements and test conditions shall be taken from the relevant standards, taking into account the environmental operational conditions (see Section 4.2). Further special requirements are listed in Chapter 6.
(3)对于机械部件，比如齿轮、轴承、制动器、联轴器等，必须使用合适的材料。考虑到环境运行条件，质量要求和实验条件，必须从相关标准中摘录（见第4.2节）。其他特殊要求在第六章列出。
(4) In special cases, limited continued operation of the wind turbine may be accepted by GL Wind in the event of an incipient crack that is growing steadily. The material data to be applied for determining the remaining lifetime of a component shall be agreed with GL Wind before use.
(4)在某些特殊情况下，如，初裂稳定增加的情况，风机持续运行在极限工况下，也是可以为GL Wind接受的。用于决定部件剩余寿命的材料参数在其使用前必须获得GL wind的同意。
3.3.2.1 Structural steels
3.3.2.1结构钢
(1) For the structures and components in accordance with Chapters 6 and 7, structural steels according to EN 10025 as well as weldable fine grained steels according to EN 10113 may be used. With the consent of GL Wind, other equivalent structural steels may also be used. The characteristic values shall be taken from the corresponding standards. The demands made on special steels are laid down by GL Wind individually for each case. For hollow sections, the standards EN 10219-1 (cold-formed, welded) and EN 10210-1 (hot-finished) apply.
(1)可以使用依据第六，第七章要求的结构和部件、依据EN 10025要求的结构钢，以及依据EN 10113要求的具有良好焊接性能的钢材。经过GL Wind的同意，其他等效的结构钢也可以使用。特征值必须从相应的标准中提取。GL Wind指定的每种情况的特殊钢材的要求在下面的内容中列出。对于有空腔的部件，必须采用标准EN 10219-1（冷弯性，可焊性）和标准EN 10210-1（热成型）。
(2) The structural steels used for less important, non-load-bearing parts shall have sufficient strength and shall exhibit the properties required for the particular application (e.g. cold-workability, weldability). Welded joints between these steels and those of the load-bearing structures and components shall not adversely affect the components.
(2)对于特殊应用情况，非重要部件以及非承载部件用的结构钢必须用足够的强度，具有要求的性能（比如，冷弯性，可焊性）。在这些钢材与承载结构、部件之间施焊不得影响到承载结构和部件。
3.3.2.2 Cast steel
3.3.2.2铸钢
(1) For the structures and components in accordance with Chapters 6 and 7, cast steels of the grades GS-38, GS-45 and GS-52 according to DIN 1681 as well as GS-16Mn5, GS-20Mn5N and GS-20Mn5V according to DIN 17182 may be used. Cast steel grades accord-ing to other specifications or standards may also be used with the consent of GL Wind, provided they are equivalent to the grades listed above as regards their mechanical properties and, if appropriate, weldability and also provided that proof has been furnished of their suitability for the intended application. For this purpose, a once-only suitability test may be required.
(1)可以使用依据第六、第七章要求的结构和部件、依据DIN 1681等级为GS-38，GS-45，GS-52的铸钢、以及依据DIN 17182的等级为GS-16Mn5，GS-20Mn5N，GS-20Mn5V的铸钢。假如有符合其他规范和标准的铸钢，且其机械性能、可焊性、特定场合的运用与上述钢材等级要求等效，则经过GL Wind同意，也是可以使用的。为此，可能会要求做相关的试验。
(2) Unless otherwise agreed, the quality require-ments and test conditions in accordance with the above-mentioned standards apply to steel castings. Furthermore, the provisions set out in EN 1559-1:1997 and EN 1559-2:2000 shall be observed. The notched bar impact work shall be verified at a temperature corresponding to the minimum design temperature (cf. Section 3.3.1.1, para 4).
(2)除非有其他要求，否则，铸钢的质量要求和试验条件必须满足上述的标准。此外，也必须满足EN 1559-1：1997和EN 1559-2：2000等标准。必须进行{zd1}设计温度下的切口冲击试验（cf.第3.3.1.1章）。
(3) The conditions listed below shall also be observed:
(3)以下条件必须满足：
– In the case of steel castings to be used in welded designs, the carbon content of the above-mentioned grades shall not exceed 0.23 %, and the sum of chromium and molybdenum content 0.30 %. The composition of each melt shall be certified by the manufacturer.
–用于焊接的铸钢，以上提到的等级的铸钢碳含量不得超过0.23 %，铬钼含量的总和不得超过0.30%。制造商必须验证每个熔融金属的成分。
–The steel castings shall be supplied either normalized or hardened and tempered, de-pending on the type of cast.
–依据铸钢类型，交货的铸钢必须规格化，硬化以及经过调质处理。
–For cast components that are predominantly dynamically stressed, quality grade 3 in accordance with DIN 1690 T2:1985 in conjunction with EN 12681:2003 (Radiographic test), EN 12680-2:2003 (Ultrasonic test), EN 1371-1:1997 (Dye penetration test) and EN 1369:1997 (Magnetic crack detection test) is the least favourable permitted. The quality grades shall correspond to the assumptions of the computational analyses as per Section 5.3.3.4.3.
–仅允许使用依据DIN 1690 T2：1985、EN 12681：2003(X光试验)、EN 12680-2:2003 (超探), EN 1371-1:1997 (液体渗漏试验) and EN 1369:1997 (磁粉探伤)的高动态应力，质量等级3的铸件。质量等级必须符合第5.3.3.4.3章的计算分析的假定值。
– Steel castings may not exhibit any faults which might adversely affect their use and appropriate processing.
–铸钢不得有瑕疵，以免影响其使用和加工。
– The removal of faults through fabrication welding or repair welding is permissible only with specifications approved by GL Wind. The qualification of the welding workshop and the welder performing the work shall be verified in accordance with Section 3.4.2.
–去除焊接装配的失误或者修理焊件，只有依据得到GL Wind许可同意的规范才可以进行。焊接车间的资质以及焊工完成工作的过程必须按照第3.4.2章的要求来验证。
3.3.2.3 Stainless steels
3.3.2.3不锈钢
(1) Stainless steels shall be selected with respect to their resistance to corrosion, taking into account the processing conditions (e.g. welding). If nothing else has been agreed for individual cases, suitable steels, e.g. according to EN 10088 (Stainless steels) and EN 10213-4 (Steel castings for pressure vessels) may be selected in the case that no delivery is to take place on the basis of a specification approved by GL Wind.
(1)考虑到加工条件（比如焊接）以及抗腐蚀性，应该选择不锈钢。对于个别情况，如果没有合适的材料，可以选择依据EN 10088 (不锈钢)和EN 10213-4 (压力容器铸钢)不锈钢，比如按照GL Wind批准的技术规范，无法交货的情况。
(2) Only those grades suitable for welding with guaranteed resistance to intercrystalline corrosion may be used for welded structures. If it is intended to weld castings without post-weld heat treatment, only grades of cast steel that are corrosion-resistant in this condition as well shall be used, e.g. cast steels stabilized with Nb or containing not more than 0.03 % C.
(2)只允许那些耐晶体间腐蚀的材料作为焊接结构。如果焊接铸件没有后焊接热处理，则只允许使用那些抗腐蚀的铸钢，比如，含Nb的稳定铸钢或含碳量不超过0.03%的铸钢。
(3) Other grades of cast steel conforming to other standards or material specifications may be used, provided that they are comparable to the grades of cast steel described in EN 10213-4 with regard to their delivery condition, heat treatment, chemical composi-tion, mechanical properties and weldability, and provided that proof has been furnished of their suitability for the intended application. For this purpose, a first-time suitability test may be required.
(3)其他等级的铸钢也可以使用，前提是符合其他标准或材料的技术规范的要求，比如交货技术条件，热处理，化学成分，机械性能以及焊接性能，且有证据表明它们适于特定运用情况。为此，可能要求进行首件适合性的试验。
(4) The limits for the lowest design temperatures according to Section 3.3.1.1 shall be observed.
(4)必须符合第3.3.1.1章的{zd1}温度要求。
3.3.2.4 Forging steels
3.3.2.4锻钢
Additional notes on selecting suitable materials can also be taken from the Guideline of GL (II, Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 3 [3.3]).
也可以从GL指南（II，{dy}部分，第二章，第三节[3.3]）获取材料选择的其他信息。
3.3.2.4.1 Standards
3.3.2.4.1标准
Forgings and bar stock for structures and components as per Chapters 6 and 7 shall be selected to EN 10083 in accordance with the requirements; in the case of larger cross-sections (i.e. greater than 100 mm / 250 mm; see EN 10083) according to Stahl-Eisen-Werk-stoffblatt (Steel/Iron Materials Data Sheet) SEW 550. Further notes on selecting suitable materials can also be taken from the Guideline of GL (II, Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 3 [3.3]). For tempering and case-hardening steels, e.g. for the manufacture of gearwheels and pinions, the standards EN 10083 and 10084 apply; for stainless steels EN 10088 applies. Forgings and bar stock in accordance with other standards or manufac-turers’ material specifications may be used if properties equivalent to those in the standards listed above can be guaranteed, and if proof has been furnished of their suitability for the intended application. For this purpose, a first-time suitability test may be required.
第六第七章的结构和部件用锻材和棒材的选择，必须满足EN 10083标准来进行，大截面的情况(比如：大于100 mm / 250 mm，见EN 10083)，应依据Stahl-Eisen-Werk-stoffblatt (钢铁材料的数据表) SEW 550来进行。更多其他选择材料的要求可以从GL指南中(II，{dy}部分，第二章，第三节[3.3])获得。对于回火和硬化钢，比如制造大齿轮和小齿轮，运用标准为EN 10083和EN 10084；对于不锈钢，运用标准为EN 10088。使用其他标准或者材料技术规范要求的锻材和棒材，只要其性能和上述标准中规定的一样，且有证据表面能够使用于特定的场合，则也是可以使用的。为此，可能需要进行首件的合适性试验。
3.3.2.4.2 Production processes
3.3.2.4.2产品工艺
(1) Forging steel shall be produced by an oxygen steel-making process in an electric or Siemens-Martin furnace or by other processes approved by GL Wind, and shall be cast killed. On request, GL Wind shall be informed of the melting process.
(1)锻钢应该用GL Wind认可的电炉或者西门子-马丁炉法，采用氧气吹转炼钢工艺来制造，必须是zj钢。GL Wind应该被告知冶炼工艺。
(2) Enough shall be cut off at the top and bottom of the ingots to ensure that the forgings are free from any harmful segregations. These are all inhomogeneities which might impair the required quality characteristics.
(2)必须从铁腚的底部和顶部切出多余部分，以确保铸件没有任何的有害隔断。这些各向异性特征将会削弱要求的质量特性。
(3) As far as possible, the pieces shall be forged to the dimensions of the finished part, taking into account an appropriate machining allowance. Excessive machining to produce the final shape, which might impair the quality characteristics by for example exposing the core area, is not allowed. In the case of stepped shafts, forged starting material shall be used for turned grooves larger than 1/10 of the outer diameter. The degree of deformation shall be so selected that the core zone of the forging is adequately forged through. The total degree of deformation shall not be less than 3.5 : 1.
(3)对于完工部件的尺寸，那些即将锻压的铁块，应考虑预留适当的机加工余量。为追求最终形状而过分机加工将会削弱质量特性，是不允许的，比如切削核心区域。对于阶梯轴，必须使用锻压起始材料，使开槽大于1/10外径。变形度的选择必须如下：保证核心锻压核心区域有足够尺寸以便锻压彻底。整个变形度不得低于3.5：1。
(4) Collars and hollow pieces shall be made from ingot or cogged ingot sections competently punched, bored or pierced before the parts are reamed or rolled over a suitable mandrel.
(4)部件在滚轴上扩张或者滚压之前，用纯铁或初轧钢锭制作的颈口件和空槽件必须冲压，打孔或者钻孔。
3.3.2.4.3 Delivery condition, heat treatment
3.3.2.4.3交货条件，热处理
(1) All forgings shall be heat treated in a manner appropriate to the material. The treatment shall be carried out in suitable furnaces, maintained effectively and regularly. These shall be equipped with means for controlling and indicating the temperature. The dimensions of the furnace shall make it possible to bring the entire forging uniformly to the required annealing temperature. Where, in the case of very large forgings, the furnace dimensions do not permit total normalizing in one step, alternative heat treatment processes shall be agreed with GL Wind.
(1)所有锻件必须用适当的方法进行热处理。热处理必须采用适当的炉子，有效的以及经常性保养。炉子必须有温度控制和温度显示的设备。炉子的尺寸应该可以保证整个工件可以放入，达到均匀的退火温度。在工件尺寸十分巨大的情形下，炉子的尺寸不能一次性将整个工件放入时，则替代的热处理方法必须经过GL Wind同意。
(2) All hot-forging work shall be completed before the final heat treatment. If a forging has for any reason to be reheated for further hot working, the final heat treatment shall be repeated.
(2)所有热锻件必须在最终热处理之前完成。如果锻件由于其他原因必须再回炉再加热，则必须重新进行最终的热处理。
(3) If a forging is hot- or cold-straightened after final heat treatment, subsequent stress-relieving to remove the residual stress may be demanded.
(3)如果锻件在最终热处理完成后，热直或冷直后，则要求xc残余应力。
(4) Forgings which after forging undergo large changes in cross-section by machining may be hardened and tempered only after adequate pretreatment. The weight at hardening and tempering shall not be more than 1.25 times the finished weight.
(4)经过机加工，锻件的截面尺寸发生了较大的改变，则可能要求对锻件进行足够的预处理，使之硬化和调质。硬化和调质时的重量不得超过完工时重量的1.25倍。
3.3.2.4.4 General forging quality
3.3.2.4.4 一般锻件质量
(1) All forgings shall be free from any faults which may impair use and processing to more than an insignificant extent, e.g. flakes, cracks, shrinkage holes, segregations, peripheral blowholes and major non-metallic inclusions. Forgings to be delivered unmachined shall have a smooth surface appropriate to the production process.
(1)所有锻件不得有缺陷，以免影响使用和加工，即使是无关紧要的瑕疵也不可以，比如，薄片，裂缝，收缩孔，隔断，外围呼吸孔和包含很多非金属物质。没有经过机加工的锻件必须有光滑的表面，使之使用于生产加工。
(2) Small surface faults may be removed by pointing and/or grinding. Complete removal of the fault shall be demonstrated by a magnetic crack detection test or a dye penetration test.
(2)小的表面缺陷可以用弄平或者打磨方法处理掉。是否弯曲去除缺陷，必须用磁粉探伤或者渗透探伤的方法来证明。
(3) Proof of the chemical composition:
(3)化学成分的证据：
The manufacturer shall determine the chemical composition of every melt and submit a corresponding certificate in accordance with Section 3.3.1.2. This certificate shall state the chemical composition of the melt which characterizes the steel grade. If there is any doubt as to the composition, or if the connection be-tween certificate and forging cannot be proved, a product analysis shall be carried out.
制造商必须测定每一金属的化学成分，并提交依据第3.3.1.2节要求的证书。这个证书要说明金属的化学成分，以及材料分属于那类钢的级别。如果对成分有任何疑虑，或者在证书和锻件之间的联系无法得以证明，则必须进行产品分析。
3.3.2.4.5 Mechanico-technological testing
3.3.2.4.5机械试验
(1) Tensile test:
(1)拉力试验
The mechanical properties shall be checked by means of the tensile test, in which the tensile strength, the yield point or 0.2 % elastic strain limit, the elongation at fracture and the reduction in area at fracture are to be determined.
机械特性必须用拉伸试验来证明，拉伸强度，屈服点或0.2%的弹性张力限值，拉断时的延长率和断裂时的缩减率必须进行试验。
(2) Notched-bar impact-bending test:
(2)切口冲击试验-弯曲试验
A notched-bar impact-bending test shall be carried out if this is stated in the standards. Unless otherwise specified, the notched-bar impact work shall be verified on every forging or test piece by notched-bar impact-bending tests.
如果标准中有要求，则必须进行切口冲击试验-弯曲试验。除非有其他规定，必须在每个工件和试验件上进行切口冲击试验和弯曲试验，以证明其符合试验要求。
(3) Sampling:
(3)取样
As a rule, the taking of samples from forgings shall be arranged by forging-on sample sections outside the forging dimensions. The sample section may generally be separated from the forging only after the final heat treatment. Subsequent stress relieving need not be taken into account in this connection. Premature separation is permitted only if unavoidable for production reasons. In this event, the forging and the sample section shall be heat treated together.
通常来说，从锻件上取样，应在锻件外围的取样区域锻一个样品下来。经过{zh1}的热处理，取样区域通常可以从锻件上分离。此时，不必考虑到随后的应力xc。如果生产原因不利于取样，也允许早点分离。此时，锻件和取样区域必须一同热处理。
(4) In deviation from this provision, in the case of series-production drop forgings, the samples may be taken from items surplus to requirements or separately forged sample sections; these shall belong to the same melt and be heat treated together with the associated items under test. The test batch sizes laid down in the standards apply as regards sample selection.
(4)和本规定不同，在系列锻件生产中，样品可以从其他盈余锻件中获得，或者从其他盈余锻件中分离；但前提是这些取样的锻件必须和使用的锻件是同一炉号，经过同样的热处理。对于取样的选择，试验批次尺寸在运用的标准中列出。
(5) All sample cut-offs shall be forged with the same degree of deformation to that cross-section which is also representative of the forging’s typical cross-section. The sample cut-offs shall be large enough to provide specimens for any test which might be neces-sary as well as those required for any repeated tests.
(5)所有切下来的样品，必须用同样的横截面变形度来锻造，这些横截面是锻件典型截面的代表。所截取的样品必须有足够的尺寸，以便可以提供任何试验的取样，以及满足那些重复试验的取样要求。
(6) All sample cut-offs and test specimens shall be so marked that they can be clearly assigned to the forgings or test units they represent. As a rule, the samples shall be taken from a point of the sample cut-off or test specimen lying one-third of the diameter or thickness below the surface.
(6)所有切取的样品和试验样本，必须标记，以便明确的用于对应的锻造或对应的试验仪器。通常来说，样品应该从所切下来的样品中取一些，或者，试验样品处于表面三分之一直径或者厚度处。
3.3.2.4.6 Non-destructive testing
3.3.2.4.6 非破坏性试验
(1) If surface crack testing is required, it shall preferably be effected by means of the magnetic crack detection method, except in the case of austenitic steels. The tests shall generally be carried out on forgings which have undergone final heat treatment, if possible after machining. If current flow is being used, care shall be taken that no penetration points are caused by the contact electrodes. The effective tangential field intensity shall be at least 2 kA/m (25 Oe) at the workpiece surface, but shall not exceed 5 kA/m (62.5 Oe).
(1)如果要求进行表面裂纹测试，比较有效的方法是采用磁探伤技术，奥氏体钢除外。试验通常在锻件上进行，这些锻件都经过了{zh1}的热处理，如果可能的话，这些锻件经过了机加工。如果使用电流，则必须注意不会有接触电极造成的渗漏点。工件表面的有效表面区域强度至少为2kA/m(25 Oe)，但不得超过5 kA/m (62.5 Oe)。
(2) Surface crack tests using the dye penetration method are possible in exceptional cases (and for austenitic steels). The tests shall be carried out with a testing-medium combination comprising penetrant, intermediate cleanser and developer in accordance with the testing-medium manufacturer’s instructions.
(2)除非特殊情况（如：奥氏体），使用染料渗透法进行表面裂纹试验也是可以的。试验必须用试验媒介来做，试验媒介成分为渗透剂，媒介清洗剂和显影剂，媒介的使用应该参照制造商的说明书。
(3) Ultrasonic testing shall preferably be carried out while the piece still has a simple geometric shape, the pieces to be tested having been at least normalized. Provided shape and size of the piece permit, ultra-sound shall be passed through it radially and axially. Technical data relating to the test, such as method, type of appliance, testing head, appliance adjustment, recording threshold and error margins shall be laid down and made known by the manufacturer. The qualification of the tester shall be demonstrated. The company shall prepare a report on the ultrasonic test-ing, containing the details of the process listed above and an assessment of the readings.
(3)当工件只有简单的几何外形，则超探是一个很好的方法，待试验的工件至少要规格化。假如工件的形状和尺寸允许，超探可以轴向和径向探过。试验相关的技术数据，比如方法，运用类型，试验探头，仪器调整，记录开始时刻，误差等必须列出，并为制造商所知晓。实验人员的资格必须证明。公司应该准备一份超探试验报告，该报告包括以上列出的具体过程，以及对读数的评估。
3.3.2.5 Cast iron
3.3.2.5 铸铁
(1) For structures and components in accordance with Chapters 6 and 7, cast iron with either spheroidal graphite (EN-GJS) according to EN 1563:2003 or lamellar graphite (EN-GJL) according to EN 1561:1997 may be used, depending on the mechanical properties required. Furthermore, the provisions set out in EN 1559-1:1997 and EN 1559-3:1997 shall be ob-served.
(1)第六章、第七章中的结构和部件，可以使用依据EN 1563:2003的球墨铸铁或者依据EN 1561:1997的层状石墨铸铁(EN-GJL)。根据要求的机械性能，在EN 1559-1:1997 和EN 1559-3:1997中规定的其他要求也必须满足。
(2) Without additional verification, cast iron with a tendency for brittle fracture (EN-GJS with a high percentage of pearlite; EN-GJL) shall not be selected for components that play a significant role in the transmission of power and are under high dynamic stress, e.g. rotor hubs, gearbox housings with integrated rotor bearings, castings of rotor bearing and machine foundations.
(2)对于重要力矩转换部件以及承受高动态应力的部件，比如轮毂，集成轴承的齿轮箱架，轴承的铸件和机械基础等，如果没有其他证书，则不得选择易碎的铸铁(珠光体含量高的EN-GJS； EN-GJL)作为原料。
(3) For cast iron with spheroidal graphite, the manufacturing processes shall ensure that 90 % of the graphite in the spheroidal form V and VI (according to ISO 945:1994) has been segregated. For the determination of the microstructure, ISO 945 may be applied. For the ferritic types, the pearlite proportion within the grain structure of the metallic base material shall not exceed 10 %.
(3)对于球墨铸铁，加工工艺必须保证90%的球形V石墨和90%的球形VI互相分离。为测定其显微结构，可以采用标准ISO 945。对于以铁酸盐为主要成分的类型，金属材料的颗粒结构中，珠光体含量不得超过10%。
(4) The use of other types of cast iron according to other standards or material specifications shall be agreed with GL Wind.
(4)使用其他标准或规范规定的其他类型的铸铁，必须获得GL Wind的同意。
(5) For the assessment of the casting quality of components with consideration of internal flaws, non-destructive testing methods such as ultrasound (ac-cording to EN 12680-3:2003) and/or radiographic tests (according to EN 12681:2003) shall be applied. For radiographic tests, the radiation source shall be selected in relation to the maximum wall thicknesses in accordance with EN 444. If no satisfactory rear-panel or error echo is obtained for the ultrasonic test, a combination with the radiographic test shall be performed.
(5)为评估铸铁材料制作的部件的质量，看其是否存在内部裂纹，则必须采用非破坏性试验，比如超探(依据 EN 12680-3:2003)和X光探伤(依据EN 12681:2003)。对于X光探伤试验，所选择的X光源，必须依据EN 444规定的对应{zd0}壁厚的关系来选择。如果超探试验中，没有满意的后面板或者得到错误的反射，则必须结合X光探伤试验来完成探伤。
(6) For components that are predominantly dynamically stressed and made of cast iron with spheroidal graphite, a quality level requirement shall be set according to EN 12680-3:2003 (Ultrasonic test) and VDG instruction sheet P-541 (Verein Deutscher Gießereifachleute) in conjunction with EN 12681:2003 (Radiographic test), EN 1369:1997 (Magnetic crack detection test) and EN 1371-1:1997 (Dye penetration test). These shall correspond to the assumptions of the computational analyses as per Section 5.3.3.4.3.
(6)对于球墨铸铁制造的，且承受巨大动态应力的部件，必须满足依据EN 12680-3：2003(超探)和VDG说明书P-541(Verein Deutscher Gießereifachleute)以及EN 12681:2003 (X光探伤)，EN 1369:1997 (磁粉探伤)和EN 1371-1:1997 (染料渗透探伤)的质量要求。其必须和第5.3.3.4.3部分的技术分析假设一致。
(7) The flaw types blowholes (flaw class A), non-metallic inclusions (B) and enclosed shrinkage holes (C) shall be classified according to their quality after the radiographic test (see also Table 3.3.1). Here the worst acceptable is quality level 3 according to VDG instruction sheet P-541. Dross (Z) or shrinkage holes (C) cut by mechanical processing are fundamentally inadmissible in highly stressed areas and shall be removed by mechanical means, taking into account the permissible reduction in wall thickness. All other types of flaws shall, if applicable, be assessed separately and possible countermeasures shall be coordinated with GL Wind.
(7)呼吸孔上的裂纹（裂纹等级A），内含的非金属物质（B）和内部收缩孔（C），在经过X光探伤试验（也可参见表3.3.1）后，必须依据它们的质量等级分类。依据VDG说明表P-541，最差的可接受质量等级为3级。由机械加工形成的残渣（Z）或收缩孔（C），{jd1}不得在高应力区域存在，根据壁厚上允许的缩减量，必须用机械办法去除。所有其他类型的裂纹，如有可能，可以单独评估，经过和GL Wind协商后，可以采取相应的对策。
Table 3.3.1 Allocation of the flaw class to wall thicknesses and quality levels for radiographic testing of EN-GJS on the basis of VDG instruction sheet P-541
表 3.3.1 壁厚裂纹等级的分布，依据VDG说明书P-541的EN-GJS的X光探伤试验的质量类别


Quality level
质量等级    Flaw classes
裂纹分类
Wall thickness up to 100 mm
壁厚小于100mm    Wall thickness > 100 – 250 mm
壁厚在100-250之间    Wall thickness > 250 – 400 mm
壁厚在250-400之间
1    A1, B1, C1    A1, B1, C2    A1, B1, C3
2    A2, B2, C2    A2, B2, C3    A2, B2, C4
3    A3, B3, C4    A3, B3, C5    A3, B3, C6
(8) For components that are predominantly dynamically stressed and made of cast iron with spheroidal graphite, a quality level requirement shall be set according to for indications to be reported. Here the worst acceptable is quality level 3.
(8)对于那些由球墨铸铁制成的承受主要的动态应力的部件，必须满足EN 12680-3：2003规定的质量等级要求。这里，最差的质量等级为3级。
(9)The removal of sample cut-offs or test specimens for determining the mechanico-technological properties and the grain and graphite structures, and for determining the casting quality, shall be so executed that the typical characteristics of the component are registered properly. In many cases, it is necessary to prescribe varying sampling points on the component.
(9)分离的样品或试验样品的机械特性的测定，晶体和石墨结构的测定，以及铸件质量的测定，必须使得部件的典型特征被正确记录。
(10) All sample cut-offs and test specimens shall be so marked that they can be clearly assigned. The corresponding specifications shall be submitted to GL Wind.
(10)所有分离的样品和试验样品必须标记以便清楚的分配。相应的规范必须提交给GL Wind。
(11) The test results shall be documented in accordance with Section 3.3.1.2.
(11)试验结果必须按照第3.3.1.2部分的要求归档。
(12) The removal of faults through fabrication welding or repair welding is permissible only with approved procedure testing. With regard to the qualification of the welding workshop and the welder performing the work, Section 3.4.2 shall be observed. Prior to the start of welding work of this type, the welding process, the heat treatment and the scope of the tests shall be agreed with GL Wind. Mixed welding of dynamically stressed components is inadmissible.
(12)只在有批准的工艺试验的情况下，才允许进行焊接缺陷的去除工作和焊接修理工作。必须满足第3.4.2章关于焊接车间和焊工作业的条件。在焊接之前，焊接工序，热处理和试验范围等必须经过GL Wind同意。动态应力部件的混合焊接是不允许的。
(13) The limits for the lowest design temperatures according to Section 3.3.1.1 shall be observed.
(13)必须满足第3.3.1.1章的{zd1}设计温度要求
3.3.2.6 Aluminium alloys
3.3.2.6 铝合金
(1) Only aluminium alloys that are suited to the intended purpose and have been approved by GL Wind shall be used. If applicable, proof of suitability for welding shall be furnished for the alloys.
(1)只有经过GL Wind批准的且适合于特定用途的铝合金才可以使用。如有可能，应提供合金适合焊接的证据。
(2) As regards fatigue strength and sensitivity to notches, aluminium is comparable to high tensile steels, and therefore demands careful design and manufacturing.
(2)考虑到切口的疲劳强度和敏感度，对比高拉力钢，铝材料要求更细的设计和制造。
(3) Proper processing and suitable corrosion protection shall be applied in order to prevent contact corrosion and particularly corrosion in a marine atmosphere.
(3)应采用正确的工艺和适当的防腐保护，以防止接触腐蚀，尤其是在海洋环境条件下。
3.3.2.6.1 Wrought alloys
3.3.2.6.1 精炼合金
(1) For the chemical composition of the aluminium alloys, the Euronorm EN 573 shall be observed, for the mechanical properties EN 755-2, and for the definition of the material conditions of semifinished products EN 515.
(1)对于合金的化学成分，必须满足欧洲标准EN 573的要求，对于机械特性，必须满足标准EN 755-2的要求，对于半轧制产品的材料条件的定义，必须满足EN 515的要求。
(2) Compliance with the tolerances and the requirements for the general condition lies within the responsibility of the manufacturer.
(2)一般条件的容差和要求的符合性在制造商的责任中列出。
3.3.2.6.2 Cast alloys
3.3.2.6.2 铸造合金
(1) The chemical composition and mechanical prop-erties of castings made of aluminium and aluminium alloys shall comply with the values given in Euronorm EN 1706.
(1)铝铸件和铝合金的化学成分和机械特性必须和EN 1706标准吻合。
(2) All castings shall be free from any internal or external faults which may impair use and competent processing to more than an insignificant extent.
(2)所有铸件，不得有内部和外部的缺陷，即使很微小，这些缺陷也可能削弱使用性和加工性。
(3) If defects are to be removed by welding, the manufacturer shall compile a welding specification and obtain the consent of GL Wind. Furthermore, in the case of doubts concerning the freedom from defects of the castings, non-destructive tests shall be initiated by the casting manufacturer and performed at the relevant points. Repaired defects as well as areas that are critical from the viewpoint of casting technology shall be included in the tests.
(3)如果要用焊接的方法去除缺陷，制造商必须编写一份焊接规范，且应得到GL Wind的同意。此外，如在铸件缺陷免除方面存有疑问，则应该由制造商按照相关项点进行非破坏性结构试验。铸件可目测的关键区域的缺陷修理必须包含在试验中。
(4) The results of the tests shall be documented in accordance with Section 3.3.1.2.
(4)试验结果必须按照第3.3.1.2章的要求归档。
3.3.3Fibre-reinforced plastics (FRP)
3.3.3纤维增强材料
3.3.3.1 Definitions
3.3.3.1 定义
(1)Fibre-reinforced plastics are heterogeneous materials, consisting of a cured reaction resin compound as matrix with fibrous reinforcing materials embedded in it.
(1)纤维增强材料是非均相的材料，由作为混凝土的反应树脂混合物和嵌入其中的纤维增强材料组成。
(2)The reaction resin compound is a multiple-component mix, consisting of reaction resin and hardener, plus possibly additives.
(2)反应树脂混合物由多种成分组成：反应树脂，固化剂，添加剂。
(3)Reinforcing materials are fibres of various materials processed to form various reinforcement products, depending on the intended use. A distinction is made between:
– homogeneous: The reinforcement product contains fibres of one single material.
– inhomogeneous: The reinforcement product contains fibres of diverse materials, though individual layers or directions in one layer may be homogeneous.
(3)增强材料是不同材料的纤维，依据特定的用途，加工成不同的增强产品，分别为：
-均一的：增强产品仅含一种材料的纤维。-非均一的：增强产品包含不同材料的纤维，尽管单层或者单层的同一方向是均一的。
(4)Laminate is produced by layerwise arrangement of reinforcement products with reaction resin compounds.
(4)层是有增强产品用树脂复合材料分层布置而成。
(5)Sandwich laminate comprises layers of laminate bonded together by an intermediate core of lightweight material.
(5)三明治层由轻质内核材料粘接层构成。
(6)Prepreg is a reinforcing material pre-impregnated with reaction resin compound, and can be worked without having any more resin compound added. A distinction can be made between wet and dry prepregs, where the wet prepregs are often known as “indoor prepreg”, since they are produced at the workshop of the component manufacturer.
(6)预浸料是增强材料提前浸渍在反应树脂混合物中，不必再增加反应树脂混合物就可反应。湿预浸料和干预浸料有一区别，湿预浸料还经常被称为室内预浸料，因为都是部件制造商在车间生产的。
3.3.3.2 General
3.3.3.2 概述
(1)The properties of fibre-reinforced plastics are strongly influenced by their processing. For this reason, the requirements for manufacturers set out in Section 3.4.3 shall be observed.
(1)纤维增强材料的性能受加工的影响非常大。基于这个原因，应注意3.4.3部分对制造商的要求。
(2)Notwithstanding the availability of approvals or confirmations of the quality of individual components （resin compound, reinforcing material, adhesive etc.),it shall be checked that the properties of the corresponding composite material comply with the design values.
（2）无论是否有认可的实用性或者是否有各个单独部件的质量确认（树脂混合物，增强材料，粘合剂等），还必须核查相应复合材料的性能是否与设计值相符。
3.3.3.3 Reaction resin compounds
3.3.3.3反应树脂混合物
(1)    Depending on the purpose and thus on the requirements, a distinction shall be made between laminating resins and gelcoat resins. For the combination of gelcoat and laminating resins, compatibility shall be demonstrated unless the basic resins are the same.
（1）依据目的，按照相应要求，应区别层压树脂和凝胶涂层树脂。对于层压树脂和凝胶涂层树脂的结合，除非两者的混凝土树脂是一样的，否则应说明两者的兼容性。
(2)Gelcoat resins are intended to protect the laminate against external damage and influences. In cured condition, they are therefore required to have good resistance to moisture, chemical attack, UV radiation, marine and industrial environments, and to exhibit a high degree of resistance to abrasion and a low water absorption capacity as well as a high elasticity. The only additives permitted are, to a limited extent, thixotropic agents and pigments.
（2）凝胶涂层树脂用以保护层压树脂免受外界的破坏和影响。在固化状态，要求他们具有优良的防潮性，抗化学腐蚀性，抗紫外辐射性，适应海运和工业的环境，还要有好的抗磨损性，低的吸水性和高的弹性。在有限的范围内，{wy}允许的添加剂是触变剂和颜料。
(3)Laminating resins shall have good impregnation properties in the working state, whereas in the cured state they shall be moisture-resistant and highly resistant to ageing. These properties shall also be provided with the permitted additives and fillers.
(3)层压树脂在加工时应有好的注入特性，而在固化阶段，应具有防潮性和高的耐老化性。这些性能也可通过允许的添加剂和填充剂来获得。
(4)In the case of reaction resin compounds, all additives to resins (catalysts, accelerators, inhibitors, fillers and pigments) shall be harmonized with the reaction resin and be compatible amongst themselves and with it, whereby total curing of the resin shall be guaranteed. The additives shall be dispersed in the resin compound with care and in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Catalysts which initiate the hardening process and accelerators or inhibitors which control the working time (pot life) and curing time shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s processing guidelines.
(4)对于反应树脂混合物，所有的树脂添加剂（催化剂，加速剂，抑制剂，填料，色素）应与反应树脂相互兼容，且树脂添加剂相互之间也应互相兼容，保证整个树脂的固化。依据制造商的指导说明，添加剂应小心的分散在树脂混合物中。引发固化过程的催化剂和控制反应时间（灌注时间）和固化时间的加速剂和抑制剂应依据制造商的工艺进行。
(5)In the case of epoxy resins, the resin and hard-ener constituents shall, as far as possible, be mixed exactly to the manufacturer’s regulations. As a rule, only the resin/hardener combinations prescribed by the manufacturer are permissible.
(5)对于环氧树脂，树脂和固化剂成分应尽可能的混合，以达到制造商的要求。根据规定，只有制造商指定的树脂/固化剂复合物才是允许的。
(6)All systems which are cured at room temperature (cold-curing systems) shall be matched in such a way that satisfactory curing is guaranteed at temperatures from 16 °C to 25 °C. Cold-curing systems intended to cure at other temperatures and hot-curing systems may only be used in accordance with a production specification approved by GL Wind.
(6)在室温固化（冷固化）的所有系统应保持在16℃-25℃，令人热满意的固化 。在其他温度范围的冷固化或者热固化，必须按照GL Wind的生产规范进行。
(7)Fillers shall not significantly impair the properties of the resins. The type and amount of filler may not lead to the resin properties seriously dropping below the nominal properties. In general, the proportion of fillers in the laminating resins shall not exceed 12 % by weight (including a maximum of 1.5 % by weight of thixotropic agent). If the manufacturer has laid down a lower figure, however, this shall apply. The proportion of thixotropic agent in the gelcoat resin may not exceed 3 % by weight.
（7）填充剂不应显著削弱树脂的性能。填充剂的类型和数量不可以导致树脂性能显著下降到低于正常的性能。总之，在层压树脂中的填充剂质量不应超过12%（包括{zd0}质量分为1.5%的触变剂）。如果制造商使用添加剂的量低于这个标准，则可以使用。在凝胶涂层树脂触变剂的质量不应超过3%。
(8)Pigments shall be weatherproof and consist of inorganic or light-resistant organic colouring substances. Their maximum permitted proportion shall not exceed the figure laid down by the manufacturer, or else 5 % by weight.
（8）颜料应抗风化，应由无机的或者抗光氧化的有机色素组成。他们{zd0}使用量不得超过制造商规定的数字，若没有规定，则质量不得超过5%。
3.3.3.4 Reinforcing materials
3.3.3.4增强材料
(1)Commonly used reinforcing materials with continuous filaments of glass, carbon fibre and aramide are available in various forms:
– Rovings: A large number of roughly parallel fibres bundled together, twisted or untwisted. In spray moulding processes, they can be used as cut rovings.
– Mat:    Random layering of continuous filaments or strands of fibres at least 50 mm long, bonded together by means of a binder.
– Fabric:    Fibre strands woven together, the conventional weave types for textiles such as linen, satin, twill or sateen being employed. Warp and weft may differ as regards material and/or thread count.
– Complex of fibres: Unidirectional layers of fibres randomly arranged one above the other, and either glued or tacked to one another or to mats by thin fibre strands. There may be differing materials and/or thread counts in the individual layers.
(1)通常使用的增强材料有玻璃纤维和碳纤维的连续细丝以及高强度芳族长丝纱，使用时有以下不同的形式：
-粗纱：大量的大致平行的纤维捆绑在一起，扭绞或者不扭绞。在注射成型的过程中，可采用粗纱的剪切段拉使用。
-垫子：至少50mm长的纤维连续细丝随机的压层，通过捆绑扎在一起。
-织布：纤维线编织在一起，以编织物如亚麻，绸缎，斜纹织物或者棉缎的编织类型。线数不同或者材料不同，都会引起弯曲和织物的不同。
-纤维的混合：单一方向的纤维层随机的摞在一起，或者展在一起，或用薄的纤维线变成席子状。在各自的层面上也许有不同的材料和/或者不同的线数。
(2)The fibres shall be given protective and/or adhesion-improving coatings (in the case of glass fibres “size”, in the case of carbon fibres “finish”, in that of aramide fibres “avivage”), matched to the intended laminate resin. This is necessary to ensure an adequate ageingand moisture-resistant bond between the fibres and laminating resin.
(2)这些纤维应能保护涂层和/或改善涂层的粘接性能（玻璃纤维中的“尺寸”，碳纤维中的“上漆”，高强度芳族长丝纱中的“柔化剂”），与层压树脂匹配。为确保纤维和层压树脂之间足够的防老化和防潮性，这是非常有必要的。
(3)For glass fibres, aluminium-boron-silicate glass (alkaline-oxide content < 1 %) shall preferably be used, for instance E-glass in accordance with VDE0334/Part 1 – Section 4. Other types of glass, such as R or S-glass, may also be permitted by GL Wind if suitable.
(3)对于玻璃纤维，铝-硼-硅玻璃纤维应优先考虑。如依照VDE0334/{dy}部分-第四节的E-玻璃纤维。其他类型的玻璃纤维，如R-玻璃纤维或者S-玻璃纤维，如果合适，GL Wind 也是可以允许的。
(4)For load-bearing structures, the average filament diameter of the glass fibres shall not exceed 20 µm without further proof (see Section 5.5.4, para 4).
(4)如果没有更进一步的证明，对于承载结构，玻璃纤维的平均细丝直径不得超过20um（见5.5.4部分，第四段）
(5)In the case of carbon fibres, pitch-based and “heavy tow” products are not permissible without further proof.
(5)对于碳纤维，没有更进一步的证明，沥青基和粗大纤维产品如果没有更进一步的证据，是不允许使用的。
Note:
注释：
Heavy tow fibres are carbon fibres with a filament count of 48 K to 320 K, exhibiting a carbonization grade less than 99 %.
粗纤维是具有48K到320K股数的碳纤维，碳化等级低于99% 。
3.3.3.5 Core materials
3.3.3.5核心材料
(1)Core materials shall be proved to be suitable for the intended purpose and shall not impair the curing of the laminating resin compound. Especially for rigid plastic foam, the permissible material temperature may not be exceeded when curing the laminating resin.
(1)核心材料应适合既定目的，不应削弱层压树脂的固化。尤其对于硬质塑料泡沫，所允许的材料的温度应不超过层压固化树脂的固化温度。
(2)Core materials other than those listed below may be used with the consent of GL Wind, provided they are suitable for the intended purpose.
(2)非下列列举的核心材料，如果适用于预期的目的，经GL Wind同意，也可以使用。
(3)Rigid plastic foam used as core material for sandwich laminates or as reinforcing webs shall have a closed-cell structure and shall be highly resistant to the laminating resin and the adhesive, as well as to ageing, and marine and industrial environments. Other requirements are a low water absorption capacity and a sufficient raw density.
(3)用于夹层板或者加强腹板的硬质塑料泡沫应是闭孔结构，应不与层压树脂和粘合剂反应，具有耐老化性和耐海运和工业环境性。其他的要求就是低的吸水性和足够的原材料密度。
(4)End-grain balsa intended for use as core material for sandwich laminates shall meet the requirements below. It shall
– be treated with fungicide and insecticide immediately after felling,
– be sterilised and homogenized,
– be kiln-dried within ten days of felling,
– have an average moisture content of 12 %.
Due to the possible water absorption of the end-grain balsa, it shall be completely sealed in the component.
(4) 用于夹层板核心材料的端向处理balsa木应满足以下要求：
-咬接后应立刻用sj剂和杀虫剂处理
-咬接十天内烘干
-应均一无菌
-具有平均吸潮容量为12%。
由于端向处理balsa木面可能吸水，应wq密封在部件中。
3.3.3.6 Prepregs
3.3.3.6预浸料
(1)Fibre reinforcement pre-impregnated with laminating resin compound (prepregs) shall meet the demands on its constituent parts. Furthermore, the resin content shall not be less than 35 % by volume, and there shall be adequate adhesiveness at working temperature.
(1)纤维增强预浸料应满足其组成部件的要求。此外，树脂含量体积分数应不少于35%，而且在工作温度要有足够的粘合性。
(2)For dry prepregs, the storage conditions and the shelf life shall be specified on the packaging. Prepregs shall no longer be used once the expiry date set by the manufacturer has passed, unless their suitability for further use has been verified by appropriate tests.
(2)对于干预浸料，储存条件和保存时间应在外包装上详细标明。预浸料一旦超过制造商规定的{zh1}使用期就不能再使用，除非进一步使用的可靠性经合适的测试证明。
(3)For reinforcement materials with intermediate layers of reaction resin, similar requirements apply.
(3)对于反应树脂的增强材料，适用同样的要求。
3.3.3.7 Adhesives
3.3.3.7粘合剂
(1)Two-component reaction adhesives shall preferably be used, if possible based on the laminate resin compound.
(1)基于层压树脂混合物，如果可能，应考虑优先使用双部件反应粘合剂。
(2)Where hot-curing adhesives are used, the maximum permissible thermal stress on the materials to be bonded may not be exceeded. The same applies for single-component hot-melting adhesives.
(2)如果使用热固性粘合剂，不得超过粘结在一起的材料的{zd0}允许热应力，这同样也适用于单一成分的热塑性粘合剂。
(3)The adhesives shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. They shall not affect the materials to be bonded and shall have a good resistance to moisture and ageing. The effect of temperature on the strength of the adhesive bond should be as low as possible.
(3)粘合剂应按照制造商的要求进行使用。应不影响粘结在一起的材料，而且要具备好的防潮性和防老化性。温度对粘合剂强度的影响应越低越好。
(4)The adhesives shall remain servicable up to at least 60 °C (see Section 5.5.2.2, para 4).
(4)粘合剂在温度达到60°C时仍能使用(见5.5.2.2，第四段)。
3.3.3.8 Approval of materials
3.3.3.8材料的批准
(1)If FRP components are manufactured for mounting on or installation in wind turbines and if an application for project certification has been submitted, then prior approval by GL is required for all materials. The approval conditions are specified in [3.1]. Approval by other authorities may be accepted in certain cases after consultation with GL Wind, provided the scope of the tests on which the approval is based meets the requirements.
(1)如果纤维增强塑料部件用于装备在风机内部或外部，且项目认证的申请已经提交，则要求优先让GL对所有材料进行批准。批准的条件规定见3.1章。如果批准的测试范围满足要求，在与GL Wind 协商以后，在特定的情况下，其他qw机构的批准也是可以接受的。
(2)Before manufacture of the components, the necessary material approvals shall be submitted in the above case. If none or not all of the necessary approvals are available, proof of the properties of the base materials may in exceptional cases, and with the agreement of GL Wind, be obtained in the context of the material tests required for the laminates of the component.
(2)在部件生产之前，以上所有情形中，应递交必需的材料批准。如果没有批准，或者没有全部批准，对于部件的压层，其特殊情形的基材，经过GL Wind的同意，其性能可以按照本文材料试验的内容，通过试验获得。
3.3.4Wood
3.3.4 木材
3.3.4.1 Types of wood
3.3.4.1木材的类型
Quality grade I pine wood of class S 13 according to DIN 4074 and quality grade I according to DIN 1052 or wood with equivalent strength properties shall be used, with a laminar thickness after planing which does not exceed 33 mm. For solid wood rotor blades, the board width shall not exceed 22 cm.
依据DIN 4074的级别S 13和依据DIN 1052的质量等级I的松木，或等效强度的木材可以使用，木材层厚不超过33mm。对于实心转子，板子宽度不得超过22cm。
3.3.4.2 Material testing and approval
3.3.4.2材料测试和批准
(1) All glue and coating components and all wood preservatives used in the manufacture of wooden rotor blades shall be approved in advance by GL. Approval shall be applied for from GL by the material manufacturer or supplier.
(1)木质转子叶片的制造商使用的所有胶水和胶衣、所有木材防腐剂必须经过GL事先批准。材料制造商或供应商必须经过GL的批准。
(2) Approval will be granted if testing under the surveillance of GL or a report from an independent testing body recognized by GL proves that the material meets all the requirements of GL.
(2)如果试验在GL监控下，或者是由GL认可的独立试验机构出具报告，证明材料满足GL的所有材料要求，则批准将被承认。
(3) The proofs shall be submitted before production commences.
(3)在生产开始之前，必须提交证据。
3.3.4.3 Glues and adhesives
3.3.4.3 胶水和添加剂
(1) Glues and adhesives used in the manufacture of wooden rotor blades shall be compatible with the wood constituents, wood preservatives and coating materials. They shall be resistant to ageing and fatigue in the face of sharp climatic variations.
(1)木制叶片所使用的胶水和添加剂必须和木材、木材防腐剂、油漆材料兼容。且在气候急剧变化时，应该耐老化，耐疲劳。
(2) Only resorcinol resin glues or epoxy resins shall be used. These shall have passed the test in accordance with DIN 68141.
(2)仅允许使用间苯二酚树脂或者环氧树脂。且这些树脂应通过DIN 68141所规定的试验。
(3) Synthetic resin glues and adhesives, their constituents plus coating materials shall no longer be used once the expiry date set by the manufacturer has passed, except with the consent of the manufacturer and GL Wind.
(3)合成树脂胶水和添加剂，一旦超过制造商规定的使用时间，除非得到GL Wind的同意，否则不得使用。
3.3.4.4 Surface protection
3.3.4.4表面防护
The surface protection shall ensure effective protection against moisture. The materials used shall exhibit high elasticity, shall be impermeable to water and shall have little tendency to absorb steam. They shall have good resistance to UV radiation and ageing and to marine, tropical and industrial environments. Furthermore, adequate resistance to abrasion shall be guaranteed. Compatibility with the wood constituents and pre-servatives shall be ensured. Fabric inserts may be used to prevent cracking.
表面保护应确保有效的表面防潮性。所适用的材料应具有高的弹性，不渗水，低趋势吸收蒸汽性能。要有高的耐老化性能，抗紫外性能和耐海运，热带和工业环境的性能。此外，还要具有足够的抗磨损性能。还应保证与木质成分的兼容和保存。纤维织物的插入用于防止开裂。
3.3.4.5 Wood preservatives
3.3.4.5木材防腐剂
Wood preservatives used shall have been proved to be compatible with glues and adhesives in accordance with DIN 52179. In addition, compatibility with the surface-protection materials shall be ensured.
所使用的木材防腐剂应按照DIN52179证实与胶料和粘合剂相容。此外，还要确保于表面防护的材料的相容性。
3.3.4.6 Mechanical fasteners
3.3.4.6机械固定件
Fasteners securing the wooden blades to the rotor hub shall be made from materials which guarantee long-term operation. If metal components are used, the design shall be such that it takes into account the great differences in stress and strain behaviour between these components and wood.
紧固轮毂和叶片的材料，必须保证其能够长时间运行。如果使用金属材料，则设计必须考虑这些部件和木头之间的压力和应力巨大差别。
3.3.5 Reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete
3.3.5 钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土
3.3.5.1 General
3.3.5.1 概述
    (1) The subsections below apply to site-mixed concrete, ready-mixed concrete or factory-made concrete.
    (1)下面的部件应用于现场混合混凝土，预混混凝土或者预制混凝土。
    (2) They refer to the load-bearing and bracing components of non-reinforced, reinforced and prestressed concrete with a close-grained texture.
    (2)这里指的是有细晶粒结构的无钢筋加固，有钢筋加固和预应力混凝土制作的承载和支撑部件。
3.3.5.2 Standards
3.3.5.2标准
    (1) Recognized international or national standards relating to concrete structures shall be used as a basis for design, calculations and construction.
    (1)应采用公认的国际标准和国家标准作为混凝土结构的设计、计算和构造的基础。
    (2) The following are examples of recognized stan-dards which could be used:
    (2)以下是可能使用的公认标准的范例。
    – EN 1992 (Eurocode No. 2): Design of con-crete structures, or DIN 1045-1: Concrete, re-inforced and prestressed concrete structures
    EN 1992 (Eurocode No. 2)：混凝土结构的设计，或者DIN 1045-1：加筋和预应力混凝土结构，第1部分：设计
    – EN 206 Concrete: Performance, production, placing and compliance criteria
    – EN 206 混凝土：性能,生产，销售和一致性标准
    – ENV 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete
    – ENV 10080：加固混凝土的钢材
    – EN 10138: Prestressing steels
    – EN 10138：预应力钢筋
GL Wind shall be notified in good time of the standards intended to be used for design, calculations and construction, and their application shall be coordinated with GL Wind.
应及时告知GL Wind有关设计、计算、构造有关的标准，并同GL Wind协商。
3.3.5.3 Raw materials for concrete
3.3.5.3混凝土原材料
3.3.5.3.1 Cement types
3.3.5.3.1 水泥型号
The types of cement shall comply with EN 197 or DIN 1164 or the respective national standards or regulations applying where the concrete is being used.
水泥的型号必须符合EN 197或者DIN 1164标准、或者相关国家标准、或者混凝土所使用处的标准。
3.3.5.3.2 Concrete aggregate
3.3.5.3.2混凝土沙石
    (1) Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of the national standards or the regulations applying where the concrete is being used (e.g. DIN 4226-1). They shall not contain harmful constituents in such quantities that the durability of the concrete is adversely affected or corrosion of the reinforcing material is initiated.
    (1)所采用的沙石必须符合国家标准或者所使用处的标准(如 DIN 4226-1)。不得含有可对混凝土耐久性有害的物质，或者对加固材料有侵蚀的物质。
    (2) Aggregate with alkali-sensitive constituents may not be used as a rule.
    (2)对碱敏感的沙石不得使用。
    (3) Maximum grain size and grading curve of the aggregate shall be selected in accordance with EN 206.
    (3)沙石的{zd0}颗粒尺寸和级配曲线必须依据EN 206来选择。
3.3.5.3.3 Added water
3.3.5.3.3 添加水
The added water shall not contain harmful constituents in such quantities as to impair setting, hardening and durability of the concrete or to initiate corrosion of the reinforcing material. In Europe, drinking water from public supplies is in general suitable for making con-crete.
添加水不得含有有害物质，以免削弱混凝土的安装、固化和耐久性，不得含有对加固材料有侵蚀作用的物质。在欧洲，从公共场所出来的饮用水通常用来制作混凝土。
3.3.5.3.4 Admixtures
3.3.5.3.4附加剂
    (1) Concrete admixtures may be used for concrete and cement mortar only if tests have shown that they do not produce adverse changes in important properties of the concrete nor impair the corrosion protection of the reinforcement. Special suitability tests for the concrete to be made may in individual cases be required by GL Wind.
    (1)只有经过试验证明附加剂不会对混凝土的重要特性产生有害影响，也不会对加固材料造成腐蚀，才允许使用附加剂。在某些特殊情形下，GL Wind会要求对附加剂进行特殊的适用性试验。
    (2) Chlorides, chloride-bearing or other steel-corrosion-promoting materials may not be added to reinforced or prestressed concrete.
    (2)氯化物，含氯化物，或其他加强钢铁腐蚀的材料不得添加到钢筋混凝土或者预应力混凝土中。
3.3.5.3.5 Additives
3.3.5.3.5 添加剂
Additives may only be applied to the concrete mix in such quantities that they do not impair the durability of the concrete or result in corrosion of the reinforce-ment.
只允许使用不会削弱混凝土的耐久性，或者不会腐蚀加固材料的添加剂。
Table 3.3.2 Strength classes for concrete
表3.3.2 混凝土强度等级
1在欧洲fck,cyl等同于强度等级fck。
3.3.5.4 Building materials
3.3.5.4 建筑材料
3.3.5.4.1 Concrete
3.3.5.4.1 混凝土
    (1) The composition of concrete shall be so chosen that all requirements regarding the properties of the green and the set concrete are met, including consistency, bulk density, strength and durability plus protection of steel reinforcement against corrosion. The composition shall be adjusted to the workability necessary for the construction method adopted.
    (1) 混凝土的成分，须满足所有环保特性要求以及所有预制混凝土的要求，包括密度，体积密度，强度，耐久性，钢铁抗腐蚀保护等。对于所采用的构造方法，混凝土成分应调整可使用状态。
    (2) The concrete is classified according to its compressive strength at the age of 28 days into strength classes in accordance with Table 3.3.2. The compressive strength is determined with the aid of standard test procedures (e.g. in accordance with EN 206) applied to either concrete cylinders or cubes with an edge length of 15 cm.
    (2) 在第28天，混凝土按照压缩强度，依据表3.3.2进行强度分类。压缩强度通过标准试验程序方法（比如，标准 EN 206），在混凝土圆柱体上面或边长15cm的混凝土块上来测定。
    (3) This Guideline is based on the characteristic cylinder compressive strength (28-day-strength) fck. It is defined as the strength figure above which 95 % of the population of all possible strength measurements of the concrete in question may be expected to lie (95 % fractile). This shall be verified with a confidence level of 95 %.
    (3) 本指南建立在典型柱状压缩强度fck的基础上（28天的强度）。对于强度数值超过混凝土所有可能强度测量总量的95%，则数据可能是错误的（95%分位点）。应进行95%的置信度验证。
3.3.5.4.2 Concrete-reinforcing steel
3.3.5.4.2 钢筋混凝土
    (1) This sub-section applies to concrete-reinforcing steel, from coil and mats, used as reinforcement in concrete structures.
    (1) 本部分适用于钢筋混凝土，从卷到垫，用于混凝土建筑的加固。
    (2) Diameter, surface characteristics, strength prop-erties and marking of concrete reinforcing steels shall correspond to the standards (e.g. ENV 10080, DIN 488). If welding is to be carried out on concrete-reinforcing steels, only grades suitable for this may be used (e.g. according to DIN 488, Part 1).
    (2) 直径，表面特性，强度特性，混凝土加强钢筋的标记都必须符合标准（比如 ENV 10080，DIN 488）。如果允许在钢筋上施焊，则仅允许使用适用等级的钢筋（如 DIN 488, Part 1）。
3.3.5.4.3 Prestressing steel and prestressing procedure
3.3.5.4.3 预加强筋和预加强工艺
    (1) This sub-section applies to wires, rods and braids that are used as prestressing elements in concrete structures.
    (1)本部分适用于混凝土结构中作为加强元素的钢筋，钢棒，钢网。
    (2) The properties of the prestressing steel shall correspond to the standards (e.g. EN 10138) and shall be proved by certificates from the manufacturer. In particular, data and test results concerning the composition of the steel, mode of production, stress-strain characteristic, elastic limit, yield point, tensile strength, fatigue strength and creep limit shall be submitted. This documentation may be replaced by a type approval of the relevant authorities.
    (2) 预加强筋的特性必须符合标准要求（如EN 10138），必须有制造商的证明书来证明。特殊情况下，应提交有关钢筋成分，生产模式，应力-应变特性，弹性限值，屈服点，拉伸强度，疲劳强度，延伸限值等的数据和试验结果。这个文件也可以由相关qw机构的类型认证书所替代。
    (3) For the prestressing procedure (anchors, cou-plings, grout pipes, etc.), a type approval according to the applicable standards is generally required.
    (3) 对于预应力工艺（定位，连接，水泥砂浆管等），通常要求有依据适当标准的类型认证。
3.3.5.4.4 Grouting mortar
3.3.5.4.4 水水泥砂浆
    (1) The grouting mortar is made from cement, water and admixtures/additions, its function being to ensure a good bond between prestressing elements and enclosing body and to protect the enclosed steel against corrosion, by enveloping the elements and filling up all the spaces inside the sheath.
    (1) 水水泥砂浆由水泥，水和附加剂/添加剂组成，通过密封部件，填充所有壳体内的空间的方式，确保预应力部件和内部结构之间的良好粘接，以及保护内部钢筋，防止腐蚀。
    (2) As a rule, only Portland cement shall be used. Drinking water from public supplies is in the great majority of cases suitable for making grouting cement. Admixtures and additives shall comply with the standards.
    (2) 只允许使用portland水泥。使用公共场合的饮用水来制作水水泥砂浆很普遍。附加剂和添加剂必须符合标准要求。
    3.3.5.4.5 Steel for fixtures and prestressed high-tensile bolts
    3.3.5.4.5 固定物用钢和预应力高张力螺栓用钢
    (1) Fixtures are normally made from S 235 or S 355 (see Section 3.3.2) in compliance with standards (e.g. EN 10025).
    (1)固定物通常用S 235和S 355钢制成，符合标准要求（如EN 10025）。
    (2) Prestressed high-tensile bolts shall be used in accordance with the standards. Only bolts in strength classes 8.8 or 10.9 shall be used.
    (2) 预应力高张力螺栓的使用必须和标准相符。只允许使用8.8或10.9级的螺栓。
3.3.5.5 Durability of the concrete
3.3.5.5 混凝土的耐久性
    (1) In order to produce a concrete of adequate durability, which protects the reinforcing steel against corrosion and adequately withstands the external and operating conditions to which it is exposed during the anticipated working life of the structure, the following factors shall be taken into consideration:
    (1)为制造一个有足够耐久性的混凝土结构，那些防止加强筋腐蚀，在建筑工作寿命期内，暴露在外的充分耐受外界和运行条件的部件，必须考虑一下因素：
    – selection of suitable raw materials that do not contain any harmful constituents which may impair the concrete’s durability and cause cor-rosion of the reinforcing material
    –选择合适的原材料，不含任何可以削弱混凝土耐久性，不含可导致加强材料腐蚀的有害成分。
    – Selection of a suitable composition for the concrete so that it
    –选择合适的混凝土成分，以便：
    – meets all the criteria laid down for the properties of green and set concrete,
    满足以下环境特性和基础混凝土特性的所有标准，
    – can be so poured and compacted that a dense concrete covering layer is formed,
    –可以被灌注和压紧，以形成致密的外层，
    – withstands internal influences, and
    –耐受内部影响
    – withstands external influences, e.g. environmental ones.
    –耐受外部影响，比如环境方面。
    – attacks of a mechanical nature
    –机械特性的冲击
    – mixing, pouring and compacting of the green concrete so that the raw materials are distributed evenly throughout the mixture and do not bleed, and a close-grained texture for the concrete is achieved
    –环保混凝土的混合，浇筑压实，可以促使原材料均匀分布，不至于渗漏，使混凝土获得致密的晶体结构。
    – curing of the concrete so that in particular the portion near the surface (covering layer) attains the properties to be expected from its composition
    –混凝土固化，使得靠近表层的部分达到特性。
    (2) Information on defining the environmental con-ditions for the design can be obtained from e.g. DIN EN 206.
    (2)设计中关于环境条件的定义，可以从DIN EN 206获得。
    (3) All these factors shall be controlled and verified by the constructor, subcontractor or supplier within their respective zones of responsibility, in an overall context of their respective internal surveillance (production control).
    (3)以上所有因素都必须被控制，并经过建造者、子承包商或者供应商在各自相关的责任范围内，以各自内部监督（产品控制）的全部内容中确认。



3.4Production and Testing
3.4 生产和测试
3.4.1General
3.4.1 概述
(1)The manufacturers shall ensure that only recognized and approved production processes are used and that the conditions defined as a basis for the recognition and approval are observed.
（1）制造商应确保使用经过验证的和认可的生产工艺，并且确保遵守那些认证和批准的基本条件。
(2)Further information on the following sections is given in [3.2]. Furthermore, the welding workshops shall observe the requirements set out in Section 1.2 for the certification of components for wind turbines.
（2）在[3.2]中，给出了下面几节更详细的信息。此外，焊接车间必须满足第1.2节中提到的认证风机零件的要求。
3.4.2Welding
3.4.2 焊接
3.4.2.1 Prerequisites of the works
3.4.2.1 工作前提
(1)Companies intending to carry out welding shall be approved for such work by a recognized body. According to German Building Law, proof of welding qualifications as per DIN 18800-7 may be necessary. The companies shall have suitable workshops, facilities, machines and arrangements in the required quantity and scope to ensure competent execution of the welding work. This also includes, for example, machines and facilities for expert preparation of the joints to be welded, operationally safe welding machines and appliances, storage and drying arrangements for welding fillers and auxiliary materials, facilities for preheating and heat treatment, test equipment and materials, as well as weather protection for performing welding work in the open.
（1）从事焊接的企业需要认证机构的批准。根据德国建筑法，如DIN18800-7标准，焊接资格认证是必要的。为了确保有能力完成焊接工作，在数量和范围上，公司应具有合适的车间，设施，机器和布置。这也包括，例如，专门用于焊接接缝的机器和设施，安全操作焊接的机器和设备，对焊接填料和辅助材料的储存和烘干设备，预热和热处理设施，试验设备和材料，以及露天焊接的气候保护。
(2)For assembly and welding-up, it is recommended that appliances be used to guarantee the dimensional accuracy of the components. The appliances should be such that the weld seams are easily accessible and in the most favourable position for welding.
（2）对于装配和焊接，建议使用能确保部件尺寸精度的工具，这些工具应该是这样的，即焊接缝隙容易接近并且在最有利的位置处焊接。
3.4.2.2 Welders, welding supervision
3.4.2.2 焊工，焊接监督
(1)All welding work on components in accordance with Section 3.3.1 shall be carried out only by welders tested in the relevant method, approved by GL or the relevant approval body, and holding valid test certificates. The welders’ tests shall be carried out under the supervision of GL or a recognized testing body in accordance with the relevant standards (e.g. EN 287, ISO 9606). Equivalent welders’ tests carried out in accordance with other rules or standards by a testing body not connected with the welding company may be recognized.
（1）依照第3.3.1，只有通过焊工才能完成所有部件的焊接工作，焊工应该通过相关方法的测试，并通过GL认证或相关机构的认证，以及持有有效检验证书。焊工的测试依照相关标准（如EN287，ISO9606），在GL或一个被认可的测试机构的监督下完成。依照其它的规定或标准，通过一个与焊接公司无关联的测试机构进行的同等的焊工测试可能被认可。
(2)The period of validity of a welder’s test is normally two years. A repeat test may be carried out only for the welding process and the test group in which the initial test was taken. The documents relating to the initial test shall be submitted to GL Wind on request. Any special features of the initial test shall also be included in the repeat test. If a repeat test is carried out with a scope restricted relative to the standards, an originally comprehensive initial test becomes similarly restricted. An extension can only be granted in conjunction with a comprehensive initial test.
（2）一个焊工测试的有效期一般是2年。复试可以只针对焊接工艺和初试的试验范围进行。相关的初试文件应按要求提供给GL Wind。复试包括初试的所有特征。如果复试被限制在一定的标准范围内，那么最初的综合测试同样被限制。只有与综合初试一起才能被扩充。
(3)Any company carrying out welding work shall have available at least one welding supervisor permanently employed by the company, together with a deputy. Welding supervisors shall have training and experience that meet the requirements of production, and shall provide proof of their professional qualifications. Depending on the type and scope of the welding to be done, the welding supervisor may for example be a specialist welder, a welding technician or a welding engineer. If the welding workshop has been approved by GL, any changes in the welding-supervisory personnel shall be reported automatically. Welding supervisors shall exercise responsible supervision over the preparation and execution of the work.
（3）任何进行焊接工作的公司，至少应该聘用一个焊接管理员，连同一个代理。焊接管理员有满足生产要求的培训技能和经验，并能提供他们的专业资格认证证明。依据焊接的类型和范围，焊接管理员有例如专用焊工，焊接技术员或焊接工程师。如果焊接车间通过了GL认证，则焊接管理人员的任何变化将被自动地报告。焊接管理员行使负责监督的准备和实施工作。
3.4.2.3 Welding method, welding procedure tests
3.4.2.3 焊接方法，焊接工艺试验
(1)Only those welding methods shall be used whose suitability for the particular application is known from general experience or has been proved in a welding procedure test.
（1）只有适合特定应用的焊接方法才能被应用，这些特定应用为一般经验所获知，或已经在焊接工艺实验中证明。
(2)The scope of testing, test pieces, specimens and requirements for the welding procedure test shall be determined for each individual case on the basis of the base material, welding method and range of application applied for.
（2）对每个单个情况，以基材，焊接方法和应用范围为基础，来决定试验、试验件和样本的范围，以及焊接工艺实验要求的范围。
3.4.2.4 Welding fillers and auxiliary materials
3.4.2.4焊接填充物和辅助材料
(1)All welding fillers and auxiliary materials used (e.g. rod electrodes, wire/powder combinations) shall be approved by GL or the relevant approval body. The quality grade required depends on the base materials to be welded.
（1）所有使用的焊接填充物和辅助材料（如电极杆，wire/powder combinations）应通过GL或相关认证机构的认证。质量等级取决于焊接的基本材料。
(2)Welding fillers and auxiliary materials may also be tested and approved together with the welding method. However, such approval is restricted to the user company and valid for a maximum of one year unless repeat tests are carried out. Welding fillers and auxiliary materials so tested may be replaced by others which are equivalent and have been approved by GL with a corresponding quality grade, if this is expressly stated in the procedure approval.
（2）焊接填充物和辅助材料也可和焊接方法同时试验和核准。然而，这种核准jx于使用者的公司，除非进行复试，否则有效期最长为一年。如果在认证过程中明确说明，则被试验的焊接填充物和辅助材料，可以被其它相关质量等级的且通过了GL认证的等同物所取代。
3.4.2.5 Weld joint design
3.4.2.5 焊缝设计
(1)The welds shall be planned right from the beginning of the design stage so as to be easily accessible during production and any testing that may be necessary, and to permit their execution in as favourable a sequence and position as possible. In this context, it shall be ensured that the internal stresses and distortions remaining in the components after fabrication are as low as possible. Small distances between welds and local concentrations of welds shall be avoided.
（1）从开始设计阶段就应规划好焊缝，使得生产和试验期间更容易实现，使得焊接过程、焊接位置最有利。应确保加工后留在部件内的内应力和变形尽可能的低。应避免焊缝之间的小间隙，以及局部焊接富余。
(2)For welding in cold-worked areas, the minimum bending radii (e.g. according to DIN 18800) shall be observed.
（2）在冷加工区的焊缝，应满足最小弯曲半径（如根据标准DIN18800）。
(3)Butt welded joints (e.g. square, singleor double-V butt welds) and corner or cross welds (e.g. singleor double-bevel welds) should be so planned that it is possible throughout to weld through the full crosssection of the plate or profile. To this end, the components shall be prepared for appropriate types of seam, depending on plate thicknesses, according to the DIN standards (e.g. DIN EN 29692) with an adequate aperture angle, sufficient air gap and as narrow a root face as possible.
（3）对接焊缝（如面对接、单或双V对接焊缝）以及角焊或交叉焊缝（单或双斜面焊缝）应该规划好，使板或轮廓整个截面的焊接连贯。{zh1}，根据板厚和DIN标准（如DIN EN29692），用合适的缝隙角，足够的空气间隙和尽可能小的根面，为部件准备合适的焊缝类型。
(4)Depending on the welding method, the root shall generally be grooved out on the rear side before the capping passes are welded. Special forms of seam require the consent of GL Wind; if necessary, the form of seam will be determined in conjunction with a welding procedure test.
（4）根据焊接方法，在焊接the capping passes前，通常在根部的背面上开槽。焊缝的具体形状要求通过GL Wind认可；如果必要，焊缝的形状通过焊接工艺试验来决定。
(5)Fillet welded joints shall be made continuous on both sides wherever possible. The seam thickness depends on the particular load, and shall be verified by calculation as a rule. The a-dimension shall not exceed 0.7 t (where t = thickness of the thinner section). Except in the case of walls and similar light-gauge components, a fillet weld shall not be less than 3.0 mm thick.
（5）角焊缝接头应尽可能两边连续。焊缝厚度取决于特殊载荷，且同常通过计算来验证。A-尺寸不能超过0.7t（这里t=较小截面的厚度）。除了壁和轻薄部件的情况外，焊缝厚度不能小于3mm。
(6)Overlap joints should only be used for relatively low-stressed components and if possible only parallel to the direction of the principal stress. The width of the overlap shall be at least 1.5 t + 15 mm, where t is the thickness of the thinner plate. The fillet welds shall be made in accordance with the above specifications. In the case of joints between bars in a lattice structure, the requirements according to DIN 18800-1 apply.
（6）搭接接头应只用于相对较低强度的部件上，如果可能，只与主应力方向平行。搭接宽度至少为1.5t + 15mm，这里t是较薄板的厚度。角焊应满足上述要求。格子结构中栅间的接缝，应根据标准DIN18800-1的要求。
3.4.2.6 Execution and testing
3.4.2.6 执行和测试
(1)Around the area of the weld, the components shall be clean and dry. Scale, rust, slag, grease, paint (except shop primers) and dirt shall be removed carefully prior to welding. If plates, sections or components have a corrosion-reducing shop primer applied before welding, this shall not impair the quality of the welded joint. Shop primer materials shall be approved by GL or the relevant approval body for welding-over.
（1）在焊缝周围的区域，部件应清洁和干燥。焊接前，应除去污垢，铁锈，渣，油脂，油漆（除了预涂底漆）和灰尘。即使截面或部件在焊接前使用了防腐的底漆，也不会损害焊缝接口的质量。底漆材料应通过GL或相关的焊接认证机构的认证。
(2)When preparing components and fitting them together, care shall be taken to ensure that prescribed joint geometry and root face (air) gaps are maintained. Where the permissible root face gap is exceeded slightly, it may be reduced by build-up welding at the flanks of the seam. Inserts or wires may not be welded into the gap. Larger gaps may be closed by welding-in a sufficiently large plate strip or profile section.
（2）当预备部件和装配它们时，请确保获得规定的接缝外形和根部面（气）缝隙。当根部面缝隙略微超标时，可通过在焊缝侧翼焊接的方法来减小间隙。不能在间隙中焊接插入物或者金属丝。更大的缝隙则焊接足够大的带状板或型材来封闭。
(3)Plates and sections shall be aligned precisely, especially where joints are interrupted by transverse members. The maximum permissible edge mismatch is 10 % of the plate or section thickness, up to a maximum of 3 mm. GL Wind may demand tighter tolerances, e.g. for reasons of fatigue strength.
（3）应正确地排列板和截面，特别是在被横向部件中断的接缝。{zd0}允许错边是板或截面厚度的10％，最多为3mm。GL Wind 要求更严格的公差，例如疲劳强度的原因。
(4)The working area shall be protected against the weather during welding. At low temperatures (less than 5 °C), appropriate measures shall be taken to ensure faultless execution of the welds. At temperatures below –10 °C, welding shall cease. Rapid cooling shall be avoided; if necessary (i.e. depending on the type of material, component thickness, ambient temperature), preheating shall be carried out before welding.
（4）焊接过程中，应保护工作区不受天气影响。在低温（小于5ºC）时，应采取适当措施确保焊接的正确进行。当温度低于-10 ºC时，停止焊接。避免快速冷却；如果必要的话（也就是根据材料类型，部件厚度，环境温度），焊接前要进行预热。
(5)Welding work should be performed in the most favourable welding position. A suitable construction and welding sequence shall be chosen to allow the parts to shrink with as little resistance as possible and to minimize the contraction stresses.
（5）焊接工作，应在最有利的焊接处进行。选择适合的结构和焊接顺序，以允许零件尽可能地减小收缩阻力和尽可能地减小缩应力。
(6)When welding, care shall be taken to achieve uniform penetration, thorough fusion and uniform lowprofile seam surfaces with a notch-free transition to the base material. In multi-pass welding, the slag from preceding passes shall be removed carefully. Cracks (including cracked tack welds), large pores or slag inclusions etc. may not be welded over; they shall be removed.
（6）焊接时，应均匀渗透，wq熔接，接缝面均匀无突变。在多道焊接中，应小心地除去前次留下的夹渣。裂缝（包括点焊），大气孔或夹渣等不能再次焊接，应除去它们。
(7)Repair of major defects in material or workmanship may only be undertaken with the consent of GL Wind. Minor surface flaws should if possible be removed by shallow grinding. Deeper faults shall be machined out cleanly and rewelded. In the case of cracks, if complete or partial replacement of the component is not required and cracks are to be welded-up with the consent of GL Wind, the length and course shall be clearly established by means of a suitable test method. The crack shall be machined out to beyond its ends and then welded-up.
（7）只有通过了GL Wind的认证，才能对材料和工艺上主要缺陷进行修复。轻微的表面缺陷应尽可能地通过浅磨的方式去除。较深的缺陷应彻底地加工并重新焊接。在有裂缝的情况下，如果不要求全部或部分地更换部件，则经过GL Wind认可，可以焊接裂缝，可用合适的试验方法确定焊接长度和路线。裂缝应机加工至其末端，然后焊接。
(8)Competent, faultless and complete execution of the welds shall be ensured by careful in-house monitoring. GL Wind checks the welding work on a once-only basis during implementation of the design requirements in production and erection (see Section 1.2.5.3 / Type Certification), on a random-sampling basis during manufacture (see Section 1.2.6.2 / Project Certification), and if appropriate during the final inspection following completion. GL Wind may reject components which have not been adequately monitored and demand resubmission after successful monitoring and, if necessary, corrective measures by the company.
（8）应通过严密的内部监控保证wm、正确和完整的焊接。在生产和树立时，设计要求的执行过程中，GL Wind以once-only为依据检查焊接工作（见第1.2.5.3/类型认证），在制造及完成{zh1}检查过程中，以随机抽样为依据来检查焊接工作（见第1.2.6.2/工程认证）。GL Wind可能会拒绝没有被wq监测的部件，并且在成功监测后要求重新提交，如果必要的话，要求公司采取纠正措施。
(9)In cases of doubt, GL Wind may call for additional tests (e.g. non-destructive tests to prove faultless seam quality) of important components. The type and scope of the tests is laid down by GL Wind individually for each case.
（9）如有疑问，GL Wind会要求重要部件的额外试验（如非破坏性实验以证明无缺陷焊缝的质量）。GL Wind单独地为每一种情况给出了试验的类型和范围。
3.4.3Laminating fibre-reinforced plastics
3.4.3 复合纤维增强塑料
3.4.3.1 Requirements for manufacturers
3.4.3.1 制造商要求
(1)All workshops, store-rooms and their operational equipment shall meet the requirements of the relevant safety authorities and employers’ liability insurance associations. The responsibility for compliance with these requirements is solely the company’s.
（1）所有车间、库房和他们的操作设备应符合相关的安全当局和雇主的责任保险协会的要求。公司应无条件地遵守这些要求。
(2)The danger of contamination of materials for laminating shall as a rule be kept to a minimum by rigorous separation of production areas and other workshops as well as store-rooms. Only the quantity of materials required for production within the next two days shall be stored in the laminating workshops.
（2）通过严格地将生产区域和其它车间及库房分离的方法，使复合材料被污染的危险保持在{zd1}。层压车间只能储藏两天内要加工的材料。
(3)Whilst laminating and gluing is progressing, dust-generating machinery may be operated in the laminating workshop only to a limited extent and only if fitted with a dust collection unit. Painting or spraying work is only permissible within the laminating workshop if the company can ensure that such activities will not affect the laminating quality.
（3）当进行层压和粘胶工艺时，车间内限制可产生灰尘的机器，除非其安装有灰尘收集器。除非制造商能确保油漆和喷涂作业不会影响层压质量，否则，层压车间不得进行油漆和喷涂作业。
3.4.3.2 Laminating workshops
3.4.3.2 层压车间
(1)Laminating workshops shall be totally enclosed spaces capable of being heated as well as having ventilation supply and exhaust equipment. An ambient temperature of between 16 °C and 25 °C with a maximum relative humidity of between 20 % RH and 75 % RH shall be maintained as a rule during laminating work and curing. If the manufacturers of the laminating resins or adhesives have specified other processing temperatures, these shall apply.
（1）层压车间应该有wq密闭的空间，能够加热，以及拥有通风排气设备。在层压工作固化的过程中，通常，环境温度保持在16ºC～25ºC，{zd0}相对湿度保持在20％RH～25％RH。如果层压树脂或粘合剂制造商已经指定了其它的加工温度，则按指定的应用。
(2)Thermographs and hygrographs shall be provided for monitoring the climatic conditions, whereby it shall be possible to read off the climatic conditions directly at any time. The location of the instruments shall be agreed with GL Wind, their number and arrangement depending on the operational conditions. The instruments shall bear valid calibration marks; the records on the climatic conditions shall be kept for a period of at least 10 years and submitted to GL Wind on demand.
（2）提供温度记录计和湿度记录计用来监测气候条件，这样就能随时直接地读出气候条件。设备的安装位置应遵守GL Wind，其数量和布局依据运行条件。仪器应有有效期标记，记录至少保存十年，并按要求提交给GL Wind。
(3)The provision of ventilation supply and exhaust equipment shall be such that an impairment of the materials is excluded and e.g. no unacceptable amounts of solvent are extracted from the laminate.
（3）提供通风排气设备以xc材料污染损害，举例来说，达到可接受的压层中挥发的溶剂蒸汽量。
(4)The work places shall be illuminated in a suitable manner, precautionary measures being taken to prevent the controlled curing of the laminating resin from being impaired by the light from either the sun or the light fitting.
（4）工作场地的照明要采用合适方式。采取预防措施来防止层压树脂的控制固化被太阳光或灯光损坏。
(5)The laminating workshops shall be of adequate size (floor area and ceiling height), in order that the components are easily accessible and the intended production processes can take place without hindrance.
（5）层压车间要有足够的尺寸（厂房面积和房顶高度），可方便的近部件，使得生产过程顺利进行。
3.4.3.3 Store-rooms
3.4.3.3 储藏室
(1)Laminating resin compounds and adhesives shall be stored according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The temperature in the store-rooms shall be recorded continuously.
（1）层压树脂化合物和胶粘剂应根据制造商的说明储存。储藏室温度应连续地记录。
(2)Prepregs shall be stored in special refrigerated compartments in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The temperature shall be recorded continuously.
（2）预浸料坯应根据制造商的说明储存到特殊的冷藏厢内。温度应连续记录。
(3)Reinforcing materials, core materials, fillers and additives shall be stored within closed containers in dust-free, dry conditions. The humidity in these spaces shall be recorded continuously and should not exceed　70 % RH or 80 % RH for short periods.
（3）加强材料，芯材，填料以及填加剂应储存在无尘、干燥的密封容器内。湿度应连续记录，且短期内相对湿度不能超过70％或80％。
(4)Storage shall be arranged in such a way that the designation of the materials, and the storage conditions and maximum storage periods (expiration dates) prescribed by the manufacturer, are easily visible. Materials whose storage period has been exceeded shall be marked as being prohibited for use and then removed from the store as soon as possible.
（4）用这样一种方法来安排仓库，即制造商规定的材料名称，存储条件和{zd0}储存期限（有效期）是容易看得见的。过了有效期的材料应做上标记以防止被使用，并尽快地从库房中撤走。
(5)Quantities of materials due to be processed shall be brought to the processing rooms in good time to allow them to adjust properly (2 °C) to the processing temperature with the packaging remaining sealed.
（5）应及时将要加工的材料量送到加工车间，使得它们未开箱时温度调整到（ ）加工温度。
Note:
注释：
This temperature adjustment is necessary to ensure that the dewpoint is not reached.
为了确保不达到露点，温度调整是必要的。
(6)Packages removed from store and opened may be returned to store only in defined cases (e.g. hotcuring prepregs).
（6）从仓库中移走并开箱的材料只有在特定的情况（例如热固化预浸料）下才能返回到仓库中。
3.4.3.4 Processing requirements
3.4.3.4 工艺要求
(1)If rotor blades, shafts or other components are manufactured from FRP for mounting on or installation in wind turbines and if an application for project certification has been submitted for the wind turbine, then as a matter of principle only materials approved by GL shall be used for production. As well as suitable and approved materials being selected, their processing shall be treated with special care because of its significant influence on the properties of the product.
（1）安装在风机内的以FRP为原料的叶片，轴或其它部件，以及如果风机的项目认证申请被提交，那么，作为原则性问题，只有通过了GL认证的材料才能被用于生产。除了选择合适的和通过认证了的材料外，还要特别关心它们的处理工艺，因为工艺对产品的性能有重要的影响。
(2)Prior to the commencement of production, the manufacturer shall convince himself that the materials can be combined and are suitable for the intended process.
（2）开始生产前，制造商要确信材料能够被结合并适合于预定进程。
(3)For the preparation and processing of the resin compounds, the instructions of the material manufacturer plus any other applicable regulations, such as those of the relevant safety authorities and employers’ liability insurance associations, shall be observed in addition to this Guideline.
（3）为准备和加工树脂化合物，除了本方针外，还应遵守材料制造商的说明以及任何其它的适用的规定，如相关的安全当局和顾主责任保险协会。
(4)Resin and reaction agent shall be mixed in such a way that they are evenly distributed, care being taken to beat in as little air as possible. There may be cases where de-gassing of the resin compound under vacuum is necessary.
（4）树脂反应剂应这样混合，即它们是均匀分布，尽量去除空气，真空条件下树脂复合材料的脱气是必要的。
(5)If rigid plastic foam is used as the core material, this shall be degassed beforehand and if necessary tempered. In particular for slotted core materials, it shall be ensured that the material properties which were established as a basis within the scope of verification are achieved during the processing activities.
（5）如果硬泡沫塑料用做芯材，则应预先脱气，如果必要的话，还要调质处理。特别对于有孔芯材材料，应确保在加工过程中达到材料的性能，这些同性能是验证范围的基础。
(6)During production, the processing time for the mixed resin compound specified by the manufacturer shall not be exceeded. In the absence of such information, the pot time shall be established in a preliminary test and the processing time then laid down in consultation with GL Wind.
（6）在生产过程中，处理时间不能超过制造商指定的混合树脂复合材料的处理时间。如没有这方面的信息，通过初步试验确定罐装时间，然后通过与GL Wind协商确定处理时间。
(7)It is not possible for this Guideline to cover all the details of every production process. Deviation from this part of the Guideline is therefore possible after consultation with GL Wind.
（7）指南不可能覆盖生产过程的每一个细节。与本指南不同的部分必须和GL Wind磋商。
(8)Prior to the start of laminating work, the mould surfaces shall be treated with an adequate quantity of a suitable release agent and brought up to the planned processing temperature. The surfaces shall be dry and dust-free. Release agents containing silicone are inadmissible.
（8）在铺层以前，模具表面应涂上足量的脱模剂，达到计划的生产温度。表面应该干燥无尘。脱模剂中不能有硅树脂。
3.4.3.5 Building-up the laminate
3.4.3.5 铺层
(1)If surface protection is to be achieved by means of a gelcoat, the resin shall be applied in a uniform layer of thickness in accordance with the approved production specification, using a suitable process.
(1)如果表面通过胶衣来保护，则根据生产规范，使用适当的工艺，使树脂层保持均匀的厚度。
(2)The first layer of laminate shall be applied as soon as possible after application of the gelcoat. For this, a reinforcement layer of low weight per unit surface and high resin content (e.g. in the case of glass fibre, max. 300 g/m² and 35 % glass by weight) shall be used.
（2）{dy}层应该尽可能地使用胶衣。为此，将使用低重量和高树脂含量的增强层（如玻璃纤维{zd0}重量为300g/㎡和，玻璃占35%的重量）。
(3)The laminate shall be built up in accordance with the approved production specification. The reinforcement layers shall be adequately deaerated and compressed so that the required fibre content is attained. Resin enrichment shall be avoided.
（3）根据生产规范建立铺层。增强层应该充分地除去气泡和压缩以获得要求的纤维含量。应避免树脂过多。
(4)The maximum thickness of the material that can be cured in one step is determined by the maximum permissible heat generation. In the case of vacuum bagging, the decisive factor as a rule is the maximum number of layers from which air can still be totally removed.
（4）材料的{zd0}厚度由{zd0}允许热量决定。在真空灌注情况下，通常决定性的因素是去除空气的{zd0}层数。
(5)If the laminating process is interrupted for more than three days in the case of cold-curing resins, the surface of the cured laminate shall be roughened and cleaned to obtain a surface providing adequate bonding. Deviating manufacturer’s instructions (e.g. in the case of polyester resins with skin-forming additives) shall be followed.
（5）如果层压工艺在冷凝固树脂的情况下中断超过了三天，为获得一个能充分粘结的表面，应该打磨清理凝固层表面。应偏离制造商的说明（如在不饱和聚脂树脂和表面成型添加剂）。
(6)Transitions between different thicknesses of laminate shall be made gradually. The minimum value of the step length L [mm] for a laminate layer with a thickness d [mm] and fracture stress S [N/mm²] can be determined as follows:
L = (S/10 N/mm²)*d
If the attachment or cutting of reinforcement layers is unavoidable, e.g. in the case of complicated mouldings, then cut edges shall overlap or reinforcement strips shall be provided. In the butt or seam region of laminates, any reinforcement layer shall overlap by at least the value specified above for the step length.
（6）不同的铺层厚度间的转换是逐渐的。铺层步长的最小值L与厚度d和破坏应力间的关系由下式决定：
L = (S/10 N/mm²)*d
如果增强层的增加或减少是不可避免的，如在复杂模制的情况下，切边应重叠或应提供增强带。在层压接触区，任何增强层都要以上面指定的幅值达接，。
(7)In the transition region from a sandwich construction to solid laminate, the core material shall be tapered with a gradient of at least 1 : 3.
（7）在夹心结构和实体层的过度区，芯材应该有一个至少1：3的锥度。
(8)Parallel or insert linings shall be free from moisture and impurities. Their surfaces to be bonded to the laminate shall be prepared suitably (see Section
3.4.4.2, para 1).
（8）平行或嵌入的衬套不能潮湿和不能有杂质。其粘结表面应预先处理(见3.4.4.2节，第1段)。
3.4.3.6 Curing and tempering
3.4.3.6 固化和调节
(1)Components may only be removed from the moulds after adequate curing of the resin and the adhesive. The required curing time depends on the forces that may occur due to the separation of the component from the mould, the curing temperature and the resin systems used. The curing time shall be determined by experiment.
（1）树脂和粘结剂充分固化后，部件才能从模具中移除。要求的固化时间由脱模力，固化温度和树脂决定。固化时间由实验确定。
(2)Resin systems which cure under pressure, UV radiation and/or increased temperature shall be treated in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions or the results of suitable previous investigations.
（2）在压力下固化的树脂，紫外线辐射和/或温度增加应按照制造商的说明或以前的调查结果处理。
(3)Immediately following curing, the components shall receive post-curing (tempering) at elevated temperature. The tempering time depends on the particular resin system and the temperature attainable within the component during tempering. This shall remain below the heat deflection temperature or glass transition temperature. Cold-curing systems which are not subsequently tempered shall be stored for 30 days under curing conditions. This period may be reduced with the consent of GL Wind, provided the relevant manufacturer’s instructions for post-curing are available or confirmed experimental post-curing values can be presented.
(3)紧跟固化后，部件将受到高温后固化（调节）处理。调节时间由特定的树脂体系和调节期间达到的温度决定。保持在热变形温度或玻璃态温度以下。没有调节的冷固化体系在固化条件下储藏30天。假如相关制造商的后固化说明适用，或者有确切的后固化处理试验值，这个期限在GL允许的情况下可以减少。
3.4.3.7 Sealing
3.4.3.7 密封
(1)Laminate surfaces without surface protection shall be sealed after curing/tempering, using suitable agents. In particular, the cut edges of cut-outs and glued joints shall be carefully protected against penetration by extraneous media (e.g. moisture).
（1）没有表面保护的层压表面在固化/回火后应使用合适的密封剂进行密封。特别是剪切边和粘结处应该小心保护，以防止外来物（如湿气）渗透。
(2)The sealing materials used shall not impair the properties of the laminate. They shall also suit the intended purpose of the component.
（2）密封材料不能影响层压的性能。他们也要符合部件的既定目的。
3.4.4Adhesive bonding
3.4.4 胶接
3.4.4.1 Adhesive joints
3.4.4.1 胶粘接合
(1)Adhesive joints for load-bearing parts shall generally be verified by tests to be agreed on for each individual case, unless comparable experience is available.
(1)对于每一个单个情形，承载部件的粘结通常由实验证明，除非有可用经验。
Note:
注释：
Particularly in the case of highly thixotropic adhesives, prior proof of their suitability shall be given with due consideration of the production process.
特别在使用高触变粘结剂的情况下，应事先证明其适用生产。
(2)A specification for production and testing shall be compiled for the adhesive joints of load-bearing structures. In particular, the nominal values and tolerances of adhesive-layer thicknesses as well as the maximum size and extent of permissible flaws shall be defined. The adhesive layer thicknesses, tolerances and the maximum size and extent of permissible flaws shall be considered during the computational verification of the adhesive joint (see Section 5.5.6).
（2）承载部件的粘接点应采用生产规范和测试规范。尤其是，粘结厚度的名义值和公差，还有允许缺陷的{zd0}尺寸和程度应该定义。粘结层厚度，公差、{zd0}尺寸和{zd0}程度在粘结计算验证过程中应被充分考虑（见第5.5.6）。
(3)Only adhesives with confirmed properties may be used for bonding. If adhesives are used for structural bonding and these components are part of a project certification, the adhesive shall have GL approval in addition. The adhesives may not have any negative effects on the materials to be joined.
（3）只有证实了性能的粘结剂才能被用做粘结。如果粘结剂被用做结构粘结，且这些组部件是项目认证的一部分，则粘结剂应该有GL认证。粘结剂对粘结材料不得有任何负面影响。
(4)The possibility of contact corrosion (bond-line corrosion) shall be countered by suitable means.
（4）应采取有效方法防止接触腐蚀（结合腐蚀）。
(5)If FRP components are to be bonded and a resin system differing from the laminating system is used, the components shall be totally cured before bonding.
（5）如果待粘结的FRP部件，其树脂不同于层压系统的树脂，则在粘结前部件应wq固化。
3.4.4.2 Assembly process
3.4.4.2 组合过程
(1)The various surface pretreatments for synthetic materials and metals are for example compiled in VDI 2229 and VDI 3821.
（1）合成材料和金属各种表面的预处理见VDI2229和VDI3821。
(2)The surfaces of the materials to be bonded together shall be dry and free of release agents (wax, grease, oil etc.), impurities (dust, rust etc.) and solvents. Especially when using solvents for cleaning purposes, compatibility with the material and sufficient ventilation time shall be ensured.
（2）粘结在一起的材料表面，应干燥,无脱模剂(蜡，油脂，石油等)，杂质(灰尘,铁锈等)和溶剂。尤其是当使用溶剂清洗的时，应确保材料的兼容和充足的通风时间。
(3)Smooth surfaces shall be roughened either mechanically (rough-grinding, sand-blasting etc.) or chemically by etching. It is absolutely necessary that layers on the surface of the materials to be bonded that exert a negative effect on the bonding process (e.g. skin-forming additives in polyester resins or residues of peel ply in the case of FRP, or oxide layers in the case of aluminium) be removed.
（3）光滑表面应通过机械的(粗研磨，喷砂等)或化学蚀刻来处理。去除对粘接过程有负面影响的材料表层是{jd1}必要的（如聚酯树脂表面成型粘结剂或在FRP剥落残留物或氧化铝）。
(4)In many cases, an increase in the strength of the bonded connection can be achieved by the use of specially matched primers. The use of primers is particularly recommended for bonded joints which later in service are relatively heavily stressed by environmental influences.
（4）在很多情况下，通过使用特殊的底漆增加粘结强度。使用这些底漆可以在相当大的程度上抵抗环境影响。
(5)The adhesive shall be processed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions; the proportion of fillers may not exceed the permitted limit. When mixing the adhesive, its constituents shall be mixed in such a way that they are evenly distributed, care being taken to beat in as little air as possible.
（5）根据制造商的规定处理粘结剂，填充比例不能超过允许极限。混合粘结剂时，应分配均匀，尽可能少的气泡。
(6)The adhesive shall be applied evenly and as bubble-free as possible to the materials to be joined. If highly thixotropic adhesives are used, it is advisable to apply a thin undercoat of the corresponding pure resin to the surfaces to be joined.
（6）使用粘结剂应均匀，粘接材料时应尽可能地没有气泡。如果使用高触变的粘结剂，则建议粘结面使用相应的纯树脂薄胶衣。
(7)Following application of the adhesive, the materials to be joined shall be brought together without delay and fixed in place.
（7）涂好粘接剂后，材料必须立即粘接，并固定在某个位置。
(8)A loading of the adhesive joint before the adhesive has cured sufficiently is inadmissible (see Section3.4.3.6, para 1). For all adhesive joints with thermosetting adhesives, subsequent tempering of the joint is recommended; in the case of cold-curing adhesives, tempering is necessary as a rule.
（8）未wq固化前，粘结点不得承载（见第3.4.3.6中第1段）。对于所有热固化粘接剂的粘接点，建议随后应调质；在冷固化粘结剂的情况下，按规定调质是必要的。
(9)After curing, the adhesive joint shall be protected by suitable means against penetration by extraneous media (e.g. moisture).
（9）固化后，粘结处通过合适的方式保护，以免外界物（如湿气）渗透进去。
3.4.5Manufacturing surveillance for FRP
3.4.5 FRP制造监督
3.4.5.1 General
3.4.5.1 概述
(1)The following sections apply for the production surveillance of FRP components by GL Wind, as is the case in project certification for example.
（1）下面这些部分按照GL标准适用于FRP部件生的产监督。如同项目认证。
(2)Manufacturing surveillance of FRP components comprises quality control of the raw material, surveillance during production, and checking the quality of the completed components.
（2）FRP部件的制造监督包括原材料的质量控制，生产监督，以及整个部件的质量检查。
(3)A distinction is made in manufacturing surveillance between internal and external surveillance. External surveillance in the sense of this Guideline means regular random-sampling checks of the internal surveillance and of the component quality by GL Wind or a body recognized by GL Wind.
（3）在制造监督中，内部监督和外部监督之间是有区别的。本指南中，外部监督意味着GL或GL认可的机构进行的内部监督的定期随机抽样检查，以及部件质量。
(4)GL Wind reserves the right to make unannounced inspections of the works. The manufacturer shall allow the representative of GL Wind access to all spaces serving the purposes of manufacture, storage and testing and shall permit him to examine the available production and testing documentation.
（4）GL保留未经宣布进行检查的权利。制造商应允许GL的代表进入所有的制造、储存和测试场所。允许其检测可行性生产和测试文件。
(5)In the case of companies manufacturing components in series with a certified quality management system, external surveillance is usually limited to routine checks at set intervals to be prescribed (audits).
（5）如果制造商的系列产品是在认证的质量管理体系下进行，外部监督通常是按规定的时间进行的例行检查。
(6)For companies which have production and witnessing documentation assessed by GL Wind that exceeds the requirements as per Section 3.4.5.1, para 5, and have concluded an agreement with GL Wind on the reporting of production changes, production deviations and claims, a works expert can be appointed and notified by GL Wind to be responsible towards GL Wind for the surveillance during production.
（6）对于通过GL认证的具有生产和认证文件的公司来说，如超出了第3.4.5.1中第5段中的要求，并已就生产更改，生产偏差和生产需求等达成协议，则GL Wind将指定一个对其负责的专家负责生产监督。
3.4.5.2 Incoming inspection
3.4.5.2 来料检验
(1)The characteristic values and properties of the materials shall be verified by the manufacturer by means of inspection documents. The following inspection documents according to EN 10204 (ISO 10474) are required as a minimum:
EN 10204-2.2    Fibre products, gelcoat resins, paints
EN 10204-2.3    Laminating resins, prepregs, core materials, adhesives
（1）制造商通过检查文件的方式校验材料的特性值和性能。下面给出了根据EN10204（ISO10474）按最小值要求的检查文件：
EN 10204-2.2 纤维产品，胶衣树脂，涂料
EN 10204-2.3 层压树脂，预浸料，芯材，粘结剂。
(2)During the incoming inspection, the goods shall at least be checked for any damage and for compliance of the details in the certificates with the requirements. Material values should be checked by random sampling.
（2）来料检查过程中，应至少检查货物是否有损坏，是否和证书一致。通过随机抽样检查评估材料。
(3)The goods shall be stored in accordance with the requirements of the manufacturer and this Guideline.
（3）货物应根据制造商和本指南要求的标准存放。
3.4.5.3 Production surveillance
3.4.5.3 生产监督
(1)Details of the production process shall be laid down by specifications which also contain specimen documents for production and testing of the components. The tasks and responsibility of the production and quality control departments shall be defined clearly.
（1）生产工艺细节将在规范中列出，其包含生产和试验的样品文件。生产任务和责任，以及质量控制部门应明确规定。
(2)As the work progresses, the individual production steps shall be signed by the employees responsible for each stage on the basis of the prescribed documentation.
（2）随着生产的进行，在指定文件的基础上，每一个生产过程都必须有专门负责人员签字。
(3)The individuals entrusted with production shall be trained in accordance with their task, and shall work under professionally qualified supervision. In the case of adhesive joints, the responsible supervisors shall have an appropriate qualification in adhesives, and the individuals performing the work shall have undergone suitable training.
（3）负责生产的员工应按照他们的任务培训，并在专业资历人员的监督下工作。在进行粘结工作时，监督员应有相应的粘接资质，且粘接工作人员必须经过适当的培训。
Note:
注释：
Training as adhesive bonding worker / adhesive bonding specialist according to DVS / EWF 3305 is desirable.
粘结工人/粘结专家培训应根据DVS / EWF 3305标准。
(4)The batch numbers of the materials used in the component shall be given in the production documentation, in order that they can be traced back to the manufacturer if need be. Reinforcing layers introduced into the laminate shall be checked off immediately during the production process, with indication of the fibre direction.
（4）在生产文件中应给出材料批号，以便在需要时能够追溯到生产商。在生产过程中应检查核对层压中的增强层，并表明纤维方向。
(5)From every batch of reaction resin compound, a sample shall be taken and tested. If mixing is performed continuously, one sample per batch and production step is sufficient. These samples shall be randomly checked for their degree of curing. The results shall be recorded.
（5）对于每一批反应树脂化合物，都要取出一个样本进行测试。如果连续混合，每一批和生产步中一个样本就足够了。随机检查这些样本固化度。将结果记录下来。
(6)On request by GL Wind, reference laminates of about 50 x 50 cm shall be produced in parallel. This shall result in confirmation of the material values used as a basis for the strength calculations.
（6）按照GL要求，生产大约50×50cm的参考层。这些参考层将用于确定强度计算基础的材料数值，。
3.4.5.4 Component checks
3.4.5.4 部件检查
(1)The scope of the component checks shall be laid down in consultation with GL Wind before production commences.
（1）生产开始前，部件检查范围应咨询GLWind。
(2)During and on completion of the production process, the component shall be visually checked, and critical areas shall be tested by tapping or by another suitable method. Attention shall be paid to air and particle-inclusions, delamination, distortion, whitening, discoloration, damage etc. In addition, the general quality (e.g. surface finish) shall be visually checked.
（2）无论生产过程中，还是部件已经完工，部件都应进行目测，关键区域应通过敲打或其他合适的方法测试。应注意是否含有气体和颗粒，是否有分层、变形、变白、污点、损坏等。此外，应进行大体质量的目测（如表面完成情况）。
(3)In justified cases and on request by GL Wind, the fibre content of the component shall be determined in a representative number of spots, to permit conclusions to be drawn regarding the quality of the laminating work. Similarly, the build-up of layers should be checked by suitable tests.
（3）在对部件验证时以及GL Wind要求下，为得出层压工作的结论，部件纤维含量将由一些典型代表点测定，同样地，应该通过合适的测试方法来检查铺层。
(4)Single or random-sampling tests of completed components regarding natural frequencies, static and/or dynamic loads plus their geometry shall be carried out on request of GL Wind.
（4）关于完工部件的固有频率、静态和/动态载荷以及外形测试的单一或随机抽样测试，应按GL要求进行。
(5)The repair of any defects that are detected in the component shall be documented. The repair procedures will be assessed beforehand within the scope of the production specifications to be submitted.
（5）在部件中检测到的任何缺陷的修复要被存档。在提交的生产规范范围内，修复工艺应预先评估。
3.4.6Wood processing
3.4.6 木材加工
3.4.6.1 Manufacture of wooden rotor blades
3.4.6.1 木制转子的制造（估计是轮毂罩的模具）
3.4.6.1.1General
3.4.6.1.1 概述
(1)Apart from the selection of suitable and approved materials, their processing is of particular importance because of its significant influence on the properties of the product.
（1）除了选择合适的材料外，其制造过程也特别重要，因为它对产品性能有重要的影响。
(2)In the preparation and processing of the components, the directions of the manufacturers of the raw material and the requirements of the relevant safety authorities and employers’ liability insurance associations shall be taken into account together with this Guideline.
（2）在部件的准备和加工中，应综合考虑本指南，原材料制造商的说明、相关安全当局和顾主责任保险的要求。
(3)It is not possible for this Guideline to cover all the details of every mould and production process. Deviations from this Guideline are therefore possible with the consent of GL Wind.
（3）指南不可能包括每个模具和生产过程所有的细节。与本指南相背离的地方必须同GL Wind商讨。
(4)Details of the production process shall be laid down in the form of checksheets or work progress slips, samples of which are to be enclosed with the quality manual. These shall be signed off by the employees responsible for each stage as the work progresses.
（4）生产过程细节以检查表或节点流程卡形式列出，其中都必须附有质量手册。这些检查表或流程卡都必须有相关责任人员的签字。
3.4.6.1.2Mould requirements
3.4.6.1.2 模具要求
The moulds for laminated-wood rotor blades shall, in addition to a high degree of dimensional accuracy, have sufficient rigidity to eliminate the risk of unacceptable deformation during the manufacturing process. Equipment shall be provided to ensure perfect joining when sub-structures are glued together.
为保证高的尺寸精度，层压木制转子模具应有一个充足的刚度以避免制造过程中变形的危险。在粘接子部件时，应提供粘接设备以确保wm的粘接。
3.4.6.1.3Preparing the wood
3.4.6.1.3 木材准备
(1)Pre-sorting shall be used to ensure that the sawn timber meets class S 13 according to DIN 4074-1 or a comparable quality standard according to other regulations.
（1）为确保成材满足DIN4074-1的S13级或者其他等效标准，在发货前应对木材进行分类。
(2)Prior to further processing, the mean moisture content shall be determined. It should be 10 % ± 2 % as the mean of 10 typical random samples. Under no circumstances may the variation in moisture content between individual samples exceed 4 %.
（2）在进一步加工前，应该确定平均湿度，其值应该为十个典型随机抽样的平均值，为10% ± 2 %，。任何情况下，单个样本间的湿度变化不得超过4 %。
(3)When boards are processed into solid-wood rotor blades, this moisture content is generally achieved by chamber drying. Veneers used for the manufacture of moulded laminates shall, if supplied in dried condition, be stored in such a way that their moisture content does not exceed the stated tolerances
（3）当木板被加工成实体木制转子时，通常通过干燥室达到规定的含湿量。模具制造商所用的木板，如果在干燥条件下供货，储存时，其含湿量不得超过规定的公差。
(4)For good conformability, boards shall be planed on all sides. Rough-sawn boards shall not be permitted to reach the bonding stage.
（4）为了连接一致，所有板边都要刨平。未刨平的木板不得用于粘接。
(5)Secondary sorting shall be undertaken once the boards have been planed. Individual fault areas may be cut out.
（5）一旦板被刨平，就要进行等级分类，可切除个别缺陷区域。
3.4.6.1.4Layer build-up and bonding
3.4.6.1.4 层的建立和粘结
(1)Glueing of the wood shall be carried out as soon as possible after planing to prevent fouling of the surfaces to be glued and deformation as a result of subsequent shrinking or swelling.
（1）木材刨平后，应尽可能快地进行粘结，以防止粘结表面出现污垢，以及随后的收缩或膨胀导致的变形。
(2)All components used for processing should be at room temperature. The ambient humidity of the room shall be adjusted so that the required moisture content tolerances are observed.
（2）制造用组分应该在室温下。调节房间湿度以满足湿度要求。
(3)The boards shall be oriented with their layers in such a way that the risk of the glued joints cracking open is kept to a minimum. Longitudinal butt-joints of individual boards shall be made as dovetail joints of load group I according to DIN 68140. It shall be ensured in the layering that there is sufficient offset of the longitudinal joints.
（3）每一层板的铺向应按照这样的方法，即应使接缝开裂的危险保持在{zd2}值。根据DIN68140，单个板间的纵向接头应该被做为载荷类型I的楔形榫头。这将确保层中纵向接缝充足的偏移量。
(4)If cross-sections with a width greater than 22 cm are being produced, each layer shall have several boards in parallel so arranged that there is sufficient overlap between the longitudinal joints within the layer.
（4）如果生产的截面宽度超过了22cm，则每一层将会有几个板被平行布置。以便纵向接缝间有充足的重叠。
(5)When processing veneers, either butt or scarfjoints are permitted, provided care is taken to ensure an adequate overlap of the joints in the layers. The glue shall be applied evenly and in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. To achieve a glue coating of constant high quality, automation of the glue application process is required.
（5）生产胶结板时，允许对接或围接，要求十分小心以确保一个充足的达接。根据生产商的说明均匀涂胶。为了获得高质量的胶衣，要求涂胶过程自动化。
(6)The boards to be glued shall be kept under pressure while the glue cures. The manufacturer’s instructions shall be observed.
（6）粘接时，粘结板应保持压力。满足制造商的说明。
(7)When processing veneers into moulded wood laminate, vacuum processes should preferably be used. The glueing of such part-skins shall be carried out following the pattern for gluing boards. Part and half skins shall be held in the desired position by suitable aids so that adequate dimensional accuracy is achieved.
（7）当将木板加工成模具板时，应正确使用真空工艺。对于粘接板，部分壳体的粘接应该按照模具的要求来进行。部分及半壳体通过合适的帮助处于理想的位置，以便获得jq的尺寸精度。
(8)The temperature for glueing shall be at least 20 °C. Glueing temperatures up to 50 °C may be used to reduce the curing time
（8）粘结温度至少在20°C，粘接温度也可达到50°C，以用来缩短固化时间。
3.4.6.1.5Wood preservation
3.4.6.1.5 木材防腐剂
When boards have been glued together or half-skins have been produced, any hollow spaces shall be treated with wood preservative. This also applies to subsequently mechanically machined areas, such as drillings and millings for connection elements where the blade is joined to the hub.
当板被粘结在一起或半壳体被生产时，任何空的地方都要用木材防腐剂处理。对于随后的机加工区域，比如叶片和轮毂连接部件的钻孔和研磨，也同样适用。
3.4.6.1.6Surface protection
3.4.6.1.6 表面保护
(1)The wood surface to be treated shall be even and free from cracks. Small surface defects in the wood shall be eliminated in a competent manner.
（1）木制表面应均匀无裂缝。小表面的缺陷以一个适当的方式qc。
2)Materials for providing protection against moisture shall be processed and applied according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Effective protection of the surface usually requires application of several coats.
（2）用于湿气保护的材料应依据制造商说明加工和使用。表面的有效保护通常要求使用几层胶衣。
(3)Textile inserts shall be incorporated in the surface coating in accordance with the processing rules for FRP rotor blades (see Section 3.4.4).
（3）对于FRP叶片，按照制造规定（见第3.4.4），织物与胶衣应该合为一体。
3.4.6.1.7Blade connections
3.4.6.1.7 叶片连接
(1)Connections between the rotor blades and the hub shall be so designed that reliable load transfer is guaranteed. It is particularly important to ensure that the differences in elastic properties between wood, the connection elements and if applicable synthetic resins, are compensated for in the design. In addition, joints between the wooden blade, the connection element and the hub shall be protected effectively against the penetration of moisture into the wood.
（1）叶片和轮毂间的连接应设计好，以保证可靠的载荷传递。对于设计，确保木材间弹性，连接件和采用的合成树脂的差异是否得到补偿是特别重要的。此外，木制叶片，连接件和轮毂间的连接必须有效保护以免湿气渗透到木材中。
(2)Because of the multiplicity of design possibilities, no generally applicable requirements for the protection of the joints are stated in this Guideline.
（2）由于存在多种设计的可能，对于接缝的防护，本指南并没有说明普遍适用的要求。
3.4.6.2 Manufacturing surveillance of wooden rotor blades
3.4.6.2 木制转子的制造监测
3.4.6.2.1General
3.4.6.2.1 概述
(1)The component properties of wooden rotor blades depend not only on the quality of the raw materials but also on their processing. Furthermore, the possibilities of checking the properties and discovering possible defects are more restricted at a later stage. It is therefore not sufficient just to test the raw material or the finished product; continuous surveillance during production is required.
（1）木制转子部件性能不仅取决于原材料质量，而且还取决于加工过程。并且，检查性能和发现缺陷的可能性在后期有更多地限制。因此，无需充分地测试原材料或成品；生产过程中要求进行连续监督。
(2)In manufacturing surveillance, a distinction is made between internal and external surveillance. External surveillance in the sense of this Guideline means regular checks (see Section 3.1.4 / Shop approval) of the internal surveillance and quality control.
（2）在制造监督中，内部和外部监督间是有区别的，外部监督意味着内部监督和质量控制的管理检查（见第3.1.4/）。
3.4.6.2.2Incoming inspection
3.4.6.2.2 进厂检查
(1)Proof of the characteristic values and mechanical properties laid down in the material approval procedure shall be provided by the manufacturer in a test report. In the case of wood, sorting class S 13 shall be verified in writing by the supplier.
（1）在材料认证程序中，特征值和机械特性的证据必须由制造商总结在一份试验报告中，对于木材，S 13的分类必须由供应商以书面形式确认。
(2)As part of the incoming inspection, the accompanying documentation shall be checked for conformity with the requirements, and the materials shall be stored in accordance with this Guideline and entered into the inventory file.
（2）作为进厂检查的一部分，应检查随箱文件是否符合要求，材料的存放是否符合本指南要求，并记录在财产清单文件中。
3.4.6.2.3Visual checks
3.4.6.2.3 目测
During and on completion of the production process, the component shall be visually checked. Attention shall be paid to completeness of glueing, flaws in the surface of the wood etc.
在整个产品的制造过程中，应目测部件。注意是否有粘结不完整，木材表面缺陷等现象。
3.4.7Making and working the concrete
3.4.7混凝土的制作和施工
The making and working of concrete can be carried out according to EN 1992 (Eurocode 2) and EN 206. The essential steps are listed in the following.
混凝土的制作工作根据EN1992和EN206执行。重要步骤在下面的内容中列出。
3.4.7.1 Proportioning and mixing he raw materials
3.4.7.1 原材料的配料和混合
(1)Mixing instructions, containing precise details of the type and quantity of the raw materials for the concrete mix to be produced, shall be available in writing.
（1）混合说明以书面的形式提供，包括用做生产的原材料类型和数量的准确详情。
(2)The raw materials shall be proportioned by weight.
（2）原材料按重量配料。
(3)They shall be mixed in a mechanical mixer until
a uniform mixture has been produced.
（3）他们在机械搅拌机中被搅拌直到混合均匀。
3.4.7.2 Transport, pouring and compacting
3.4.7.2 运输，浇注和压实
(1)The type of delivery and composition of the concrete shall be matched to prevent segregation.
（1）发运类型和混凝土成分应搅拌均匀，以防止混合不均。
(2)In pedestal and wall-shuttering, down pipes ending just above the working point shall be used.
（2）在基座和墙体模板，应使用正好在工作点以上的末端下管。
(3)Discharge pipes for pumped concrete shall be run in such a way that there is no break in the concrete flow within the pipes.
混凝土的排放管不得有破损。
(4)The reinforcement rods shall be tightly encasedin concrete.
(4) 钢筋应紧紧包裹在混凝土中。
(5)The concrete shall be completely compacted.
（5）混凝土被wq压实。
(6)The individual sections for concreting shall be determined before concreting starts.
（6）凝固前，应确定单个混凝土部件。
3.4.7.3 Curing
3.4.7.3 固化
(1) In order to attain the properties expected of the concrete, especially in the surface region, careful cur-ing and protective measures are required for a signifi-cant period.
（1）为了获得期望的混凝土性能，特别在表面区，关键时期应要求有细心的固化，采取保护措施。
(2) Curing and protection shall be started as soon as possible after the concrete has been compacted.
（2）混凝土压实后，固化和保护应尽可能早地开始。
(3) Curing prevents premature drying-out, particu-larly due to sunshine and wind.
（3）固化应预防过早干燥，特别由于阳光和风。
3.4.7.4 Concreting in cool or hot weather
3.4.7.4 冷热情况下的凝固
(1)In cool weather and in frost conditions, the concrete shall be poured at a specified minimum temperature and protected for a certain length of time against heat loss and drying-out.
（1）在冷天气和在霜冻条件下，混凝土的浇筑温度应保证不低于规定的{zd2}温度，且在一定的时间内被保护以防失去热量和水分。
(2)Green concrete shall not be added to frozen concrete. Aggregate may not be used in the frozen condition.
（2）环保混凝土不能添加到冷冻混凝土中。不能冷冻条件下使用聚合剂。
(3)In hot weather, account shall be taken of the effect of the sun on the green concrete (e.g. covering it over)
（3）在热气候中，应考虑太阳对环保混凝土的影响（如覆盖在其上的）
(4) The temperature of green concrete can be lowered by chilling the aggregate and the water to be added.
（4）环保混凝土温度可以通过冷却聚合体的方法以及加水的方法降低，。
3.4.7.5 Formwork and its supports
3.4.7.5 模板及其支撑
3.4.7.5.1Forms
3.4.7.5.1模具
(1)Forms and boxing shall be made as dimensionally accurate as possible and tight enough to prevent the fine mortar of the concrete flowing out through the gaps during pouring and compacting.
（1）模具和箱体尺寸应准确，并紧固充分，以防灌注和压紧时混凝土水泥砂浆从缝隙中流走。
(2)Forms and their supporting structure shall be so dimensioned that they can safely absorb all forces that may arise until hardening has occurred, account being taken also of the effect of the pouring speed and the type of compaction of the concrete.
（2）模具和支撑结构应能安全地吸收所有可能产生的力，直到发生硬化，必须考虑浇注速度和混凝土压实力的影响。
(3)If slip forms are used the basic principles of this process are to be observed, as described for example in the data sheet “Gleitbauverfahren” (“Slip form building”; Deutscher Beton-Verein e.V.).
（3）如果采用滑模，应遵守该工艺的基本原则，如在数据表“Gleitbauverfahren”中描述的那样(“建筑滑模”；Deutscher Beton-Verein e.V.).。
3.4.7.5.2Stripping
3.4.7.5.2 脱模
Stripping may only be carried out after the concrete has attained sufficient strength as regards the loadcarrying capacity and resistance to deformation of the component and the form is no longer needed for curing purposes.
考虑到承载能力和部件抵抗变形能力，只有在混凝土有足够的强度后才能脱模。考虑到已经固化，不再需要模具。
3.4.7.6 Quality control
3.4.7.6 质量控制
3.4.7.6.1General
3.4.7.6.1 概述
(1) The application of a quality management system in accordance with ISO 9001 is described in Section 3.2.
（1）根据ISO9001，质量管理体系的应用在第3.2章中说明。
(2) This section contains a minimum of necessary control measures for the planning and construction of concrete structures. They comprise the important measures and decisions plus the necessary tests in connection with the construction regulations, standards and the generally accepted state of the art which to-gether are important for the adherence to the pre-scribed requirements.
（2）本章内容包含混凝土结构必需的{zd1}控制措施。包含重要的措施、结果以及与建筑规则、标准相关的必需试验，是否符合规定的要求，对可接受的建筑物来说很重要。
(3) Surveillance of manufacturing and construction comprises all measures for compliance with and con-trol of the required quality of the building materials and the workmanship. It consists of checks by visual inspection and testing, and also includes evaluation of the test results.
（3）为保证对建筑材料的质量和工艺的控制，制造和构造监督包括一切必要的措施。包括目测和试验，也包括评价试验结果。
(4) Surveillance of manufacturing and construction comprises:
    – suitability tests and methods of control
    – tests and checks during construction
    – final inspections and final checks
If necessary, suitability tests shall precede the start of construction, in order to ensure that the planned struc-ture can be erected satisfactorily using the prescribed building materials, equipment and manufacturing pro-cedures.
（4）制造和构造监督包括：
-适当的测试和控制方法
-构造阶段的测试和检查
-最终检查
如果必要，建造开始前应进行适当的测试，使用指定的建筑材料，设备和制造工艺，以确保建筑满意的树立。
(5) The quality and compatibility of the materials with the raw materials of concrete, mortar etc. should be ensured either on the basis of previous experience or by tests carried out.
（5）混凝土原料、水泥砂浆等材料的质量和兼容性应该有经验数值或经过试验验证。
(6) Only standardized building materials should be used.
（6）只使用标准的建筑材料。
(7) The checks required are summarized in Table 3.4.1.
（7）要求的检查见表3.4.1中。
3.4.7.6.2Tests during construction
3.4.7.6.2 建造过程中的测试
(1)General requirements:
– Dimensions, properties and suitability of the building materials, fixtures in the structure and the appliances fitted shall be surveiled continuously.
– The building materials and components delivered to the building site shall be checked against the order specification.
– Important findings shall be entered into written records (e.g. the construction logbook) and made accessible to all concerned.
– Depending on the required reliability level, special checks may be agreed additionally.
– For the quality control of concrete, EN 206applies.
– For all other building materials or other materials, reference shall be made to currently valid technical documentation.
（1）总体要求
——建筑材料的尺寸，性能和适宜性，固定装置结构和用具安装，都要被连续监督。
——运送到工地的建筑材料和部件都应根据订单的技术规范进行检查。
——重要的发现应记录在案(如施工日志) ，以备查询。
——取决于要求的可靠等级，可能需要额外的专项检查。
——EN206使用的混凝土质量控制。
——对于所有其他的建筑材料或其他材料，涉及物，应符合当前有效技术文件。
(2)Acceptance checks for site deliveries
– For the delivery note of ready-mixed concrete, EN 206 applies.
– For prefabricated parts, the delivery note shall
certify that they were made, marked and treated in accordance with the order specification.
– The delivery notes for reinforcing steel shall contain the following information:
– steel in bundles, in coils or under the usual conditions of structural steel engineering
– bars or welded-up reinforcing-steel mats
– steel cut to length and bent
– prefabricated reinforcement
– Origin and characteristics of the delivered steel shall be known for the entire reinforcement.
– For prestressing steel and prestressing equipment, EN 1992 (Eurocode 2) applies.
(2)现场配送的接收检查
——对于掺水即可使用的混凝土的交付记录，适用EN206
——对于预制部件，交付记录必须如下：
——确认其是根据订货技术条件制作、标准，处理的
——对于加强筋，交付记录必须涵盖以下内容：
——钢筋束，盘卷形式或在工程结构钢的普通条件下
——适当的裁剪和弯曲
——预制加强筋
——对于整个加强筋，交货钢筋的来源和特性必须知道
——对于预加强筋和预压设备，适用EN 1992（欧标 2）
(3)Checks:
– Regarding checks prior to concreting, seeEN 206.
    – Before inserting the prestressing elements, a check shall be made to see whether any dam-age has occurred in the works or after arrival on the site.
– It is recommended that a general check be made before starting the prestressing to see whether the entire prestressing process can be carried out without hindrance.
– A prestressing report shall be compiled on the measurements made during the individual prestressing steps (jack force, extensions, an-chor slippage etc.).
    –The interval between prestressing and comple-tion of the protective measures for the rein-forcing steel (grouting) shall be checked and recorded.
    – During grouting, it is necessary to check the injection pressure, the unimpeded flow of the grouting mortar from the vents, the amount of mortar coming out of any leakage points and the amount of mortar injected, as well as to take samples for checking the consistency and water loss. If necessary, the strength of the mortar should be checked.
(3)检查：
——关于固化前的检查见EN206。
——插入预应力件之前，应检查工件上或工件到达现场后是否有任何损坏。
——开始加预应力之前建议做一个总体检查，看整个预应力过程是否可以没有阻碍地进行。
——对在单个预应力步骤过程中实行的措施编制一个预应力报告。
——对于加强筋，预应力和保护措施完成间的时间间隔应被检查和记录。
——灌浆过程中，有必要检查灌注压力，水泥砂浆注入是否有阻力，是否有水泥砂浆泄露，有必要检查密度及丧失的水分。如果有必要，应检查砂浆的强度。
3.4.7.6.3 Conformity checks
3.4.7.6.3 一致性检查
(1) By conformity checks are meant all measures and decisions whose observation ensures that all pre-scribed requirements, criteria and conditions are en-tirely complied with. This includes the completion of the relevant documentation.
（1）    通过一致性检查，意味着如果满足所有的措施和决定，则可以保证所有指定要求，标准和条件wq满足。这包括相关文件的完成。
(2) For conformity checks for concrete, see EN 206.
（2）对混凝土的一致性检查，见EN206。
(3) Conformity checks for other building materials shall be based on international standards or, if these do not exist, on national standards or approvals.
（3）对其他建筑材料的一致性检查应根据国际标准，如果没有，要根据国家标准或经过批准。
3.4.7.6.4 Inspection and maintenance of the completed structure
3.4.7.6.4 整个结构的检查和维护
(1)Special checks (inspections) to be carried out during service shall be laid down in an inspection programme.
（1）检查程序中应有运行过程中的特定检查。
(2) All information required for utilisation and maintenance should be at the disposal of whoever has responsibility for the entire structure.
（2）使用和维护要求的所有信息应该为整个结构负责人所处理